Extraction Techniques for Environmental Analysis

Name: Extraction Techniques for Environmental Analysis
Brand: Wiley
Price: 106.99 EUR
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John R. Dean(Autor*in)

Wiley (Verlag)

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Erschienen am 21. Februar 2022

384 Seiten

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Inhalt

Intro
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
Preface
About the Author
Acknowledgements
Section A Initial Considerations
Chapter 1 The Analytical Approach
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Environmental Organic Compounds of Concern
1.3 Essentials of Practical Work
1.4 Health and Safety
1.5 Considerations for Data Presentation
1.5.1 Useful Tips on Presenting Data in Tables
1.5.2 Useful Tips on Presenting Data in Graphical Form
1.6 Use and Determination of Significant Figures
1.7 Units
1.8 Calibration and Quantitative Analysis
1.9 Terminology in Quantitative Analysis
1.10 Preparing Solutions for Quantitative Work
1.11 Calibration Graphs
1.12 The Internal Standard
1.13 Limits of Detection/Quantitation
1.14 Dilution or Concentration Factors
1.15 Quality Assurance
1.16 Use of Certified Reference Materials
1.17 Applications
Further Reading
Section B Sampling
Chapter 2 Sampling and Storage
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Sampling Strategy
2.3 Types of Aqueous Matrices
2.4 Types of Soil Matrices
2.5 Physicochemical Properties of Water and Solid Environmental Matrices
2.5.1 Aqueous (Water) Samples
2.5.2 Solid (Soil) Samples
2.6 Sampling Soil (and/or Sediment)
2.7 Sampling Water
2.8 Sampling Air
2.9 Sampling and Analytical Operations Interrelationships and Terminology
2.9.1 Sampling Operations
2.9.2 Analytical Operations
2.10 Storage of Samples
2.10.1 Choice of Storage Container for Liquid Samples
2.10.2 Cleaning of Storage Container for Liquid Samples
2.11 Preservation Techniques for Liquid Samples
2.12 Preservation Techniques for Solid Samples
2.13 Preservation Techniques for Gaseous Samples
2.14 Applications
Reference
Section C Extraction of Aqueous Samples
Chapter 3 Classical Approaches for Aqueous Extraction
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Liquid-Liquid Extraction
3.2.1 Theory of LLE
3.2.2 Selection of Solvents
3.2.3 Solvent Extraction
3.2.4 Problems with the LLE process and Their Remedies
3.3 Liquid Microextraction Techniques
3.3.1 Single-Drop Microextraction (SDME)
3.3.2 Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction (DLLME)
3.4 Purge and Trap
3.5 Headspace Extraction
3.5.1 Procedure for Static Headspace Sampling
3.5.2 Procedure for Dynamic Headspace Sampling
3.6 Application
Chapter 4 Solid-Phase Extraction
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Types of SPE Sorbent
4.2.1 Multimodal and Mixed-Phase Extractions
4.2.2 Molecularly Imprinted Polymers (MIPs)
4.3 SPE Formats and Apparatus
4.4 Method of SPE Operation
4.5 Solvent Selection
4.6 Factors Affecting SPE
4.7 Selected Methods of Analysis for SPE
4.7.1 Application of Reversed-Phase SPE
4.7.2 Application of Normal-Phase SPE
4.7.3 Application of Ion Exchange SPE
4.7.4 Application of Mixed-Mode SPE
4.8 Automation and Online SPE
4.9 Applications
4.10 Summary
References
Chapter 5 Solid-Phase MicroExtraction
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Theoretical Considerations for SPME
5.3 Practical Considerations for SPME
5.3.1 SPME Agitation Methods
5.3.2 Other SPME Operating Considerations
5.4 Application of SPME
5.5 Summary
Reference
Chapter 6 In-Tube Extraction
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Microextraction in a Packed Syringe (MEPS)
6.2.1 Procedure for MEPS
6.2.2 Main Issues in MEPS
6.3 In-Tube Extraction (ITEX)
6.3.1 Procedure for ITEX-DHS
6.4 Application of ITEX-DHS
6.5 Summary
Chapter 7 Stir-Bar Sorptive Extraction
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Theoretical Considerations for SBSE
7.3 Practical Issues for SBSE
7.3.1 Main Issues in SBSE
7.4 Application of SBSE
7.5 Summary
Chapter 8 Membrane Extraction
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Theoretical Considerations for Membrane Extraction
8.2.1 Mass Transfer Coefficient Model
8.2.2 Chemical Reaction Kinetic Model
8.3 Passive Sampling Devices
8.4 Application of Passive Sampling Using Chemcatcher®
8.5 Summary
Reference
Section D Extraction of Solid Samples
Chapter 9 Classical Approaches for Extraction of Solid Samples
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Theory of Liquid-Solid Extraction
9.3 Soxhlet Extraction
9.3.1 Experimental
9.4 Soxtec Extraction
9.5 Ultrasonic Extraction
9.5.1 Experimental
9.6 Shake Flask Extraction
9.6.1 Experimental
9.7 Application
Reference
Chapter 10 Pressurized Liquid Extraction
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Theoretical Considerations Relating to the Extraction Process
10.2.1 Solubility and Mass Transfer Effects
10.2.2 Disruption of Surface Equilibrium (By Temperature and Pressure)
10.3 Instrumentation for PLE
10.4 A Typical Procedure for PLE
10.5 In Situ Clean-Up or Selective PLE
10.6 Method Development for PLE
10.6.1 Pre-Extraction Considerations
10.6.2 Packing the Extraction Vessel
10.7 Applications of PLE
10.8 Summary
References
Chapter 11 Microwave-Assisted Extraction
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Theoretical Considerations for MAE
11.2.1 Selecting an Organic Solvent for MAE
11.2.2 Heating Methods
11.2.3 Calibration of a Microwave Instrument
11.3 Instrumentation for MAE
11.4 A Typical Procedure for MAE
11.5 Applications of MAE
11.6 Summary
References
Chapter 12 Matrix Solid-Phase Dispersion
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Practical Considerations for MSPD
12.3 Optimization of MSPD
12.4 Application of MSPD
12.5 Summary
Chapter 13 Supercritical Fluid Extraction
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Theoretical Considerations for SFE
13.3 Supercritical CO2
13.4 Instrumentation for SFE
13.5 A Typical Procedure for SFE
13.6 Application of SFE
13.7 Summary
References
Section E Extraction of Gaseous Samples
Chapter 14 Air Sampling
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Techniques Used for Air Sampling
14.2.1 Whole Air Collection
14.2.2 Enrichment Onto Solid Sorbents
14.3 Thermal Desorption
14.4 Workplace Exposure Limits
14.5 Biological Monitoring
14.6 Particulate Matter
14.7 Application of Air Sampling
14.8 Summary
References
Section F Post-Extraction
Chapter 15 Pre-Concentration and Associated Sample Extract Procedures
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Solvent Evaporation Techniques
15.2.1 Needle Evaporation
15.2.2 Automated Evaporator (TurboVap)
15.2.3 Rotary Evaporation
15.2.4 Kuderna-Danish Evaporative Concentration
15.2.5 Automated Evaporative Concentration System
15.3 Post-Extract Evaporation
15.4 Sample Extract Clean-Up Procedures
15.4.1 Column Chromatography
15.4.2 Acid-Alkaline Partition
15.4.3 Acetonitrile-Hexane Partition
15.4.4 Sulphur Clean-Up
15.4.5 Alkaline Decomposition
15.5 Derivatization for Gas Chromatography
15.6 Application of Pre-Concentration for Analysis
References
Chapter 16 Instrumental Techniques for Environmental Organic Analysis
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Theory of Chromatography
16.3 Chromatography Detectors: The Essentials
16.4 Gas Chromatography
16.4.1 Choice of Gas for GC
16.4.2 Sample Introduction in GC
16.4.3 The GC Oven
16.4.4 The GC Column
16.4.5 GC Detectors
16.4.6 Compound Derivatization for GC
16.5 High-Performance Liquid Chromatography
16.5.1 The Mobile Phase in HPLC
16.5.2 Sample Introduction in HPLC
16.5.3 The HPLC Column
16.5.4 Detectors for HPLC
16.6 Other Techniques for Environmental Organic Analysis
16.6.1 Infrared Spectroscopy
16.6.2 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectrometry
16.6.3 Portable Techniques for Field Measurements
16.7 Applications of Chromatography in Environmental Analysis
16.8 Summary
Further Readings
Section G Post-Analysis: Decision-Making
Chapter 17 Environmental Problem Solving
17.1 Introduction
References
Section H Historical Context
Chapter 18 A History of Extraction Techniques and Chromatographic Analysis
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Application
References
Appendices
Crossword Puzzles to Aid Learning and Understanding
Appendix A1: A Crossword of Key Terms in Chapters 4-8: Extraction Techniques for Aqueous Samples
Appendix A2: A Crossword of Key Terms in Chapters 10-13: Extraction Techniques for Solid Samples
Appendix A3: A Crossword for Key Terms on Instrumental Techniques for Environmental Organic Analysis
Crossword Solutions
Appendix B1: Solution to Crossword of Key Terms in Chapters 4-8: Extraction Techniques for Aqueous Samples
Appendix B2: Solution to Crossword of Key Terms in Chapters 10-13: Extraction Techniques for Solid Samples
Appendix B3: Solution for Crossword for Key Terms on Instrumental Techniques for Environmental Organic Analysis
SI Units and Physical Constants
Index
EULA

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