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Contributors xi
Preface xxiii
Section I: Epidemiology
1 Classification of diabetes mellitus and other categories of glucose intolerance 3Dianna J. Magliano, Paul Zimmet and Jonathan E. Shaw
2 Epidemiology and risk factors for type 1 diabetes mellitus 17Andrea K. Steck and Marian J. Rewers
3 Epidemiology and geography of type 2 diabetes mellitus 29Qing Qiao, Desmond E.Williams, Giuseppina Imperatore, K.M. Venkat Narayan and Jaakko Tuomilehto
Section II: Physiology of pancreatic function 4 Development and maintenance of the islet ß cell 55Teresa L. Mastracci, Raghavendra G. Mirmira and Ryan M. Anderson
5 Pancreatic morphology in normal and diabetic states 69Rebecca L. Hull and Steven E. Kahn
6 Insulin gene expression and biosynthesis 82Vincent Poitout, Roland Stein and Christopher J. Rhodes 7 ß-Cell biology of insulin secretion 96Susumu Seino, Tadao Shibasaki and Kohtaro Minami 8 Normal ß-cell function 108Andrea Natali, Stefano Del Prato and Andrea Mari
9 Neuropeptides and islet hormone secretion 125Bo Ahrén
10 Biosynthesis secretion and action of glucagon 136Pierre J. Lefèbvre
11 Incretin physiology in health and disease 145Juris J. Meier and Michael A. Nauck
Section III: Normal physiology of insulin action
12 Mechanisms of insulin signal transduction 163Paul R. Langlais, Lawrence J. Mandarino and W. Timothy Garvey
13 Regulation of glucose metabolism in liver 193Shawn C. Burgess
14 Insulin actions in vivo: glucose metabolism 211Ele Ferrannini and Ralph A. DeFronzo
15 Measuring insulin action in vivo 234Richard N. Bergman and Marilyn Ader
16 Protein metabolism in health and diabetes 250Elena Volpi and Jared M. Dickinson
17 Lipid and lipoprotein metabolism hypolipidemic agents and therapeutic goals 262Gissette Reyes-Soffer and Henry N. Ginsberg
18 Metabolomics: applications in type 2 diabetes mellitus and insulin resistance 275Sean H. Adams and John W. Newman
Section IV: NAFLD NASH and non-traditional associations with diabetes
19 Pathogenesis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) 283Hannele Yki-Järvinen
20 Treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) 292Fernando Bril, Kwame Ntim, Romina Lomonaco and Kenneth Cusi
21 Type 2 diabetes and cancer 306Emily Jane Gallagher, Ruslan Novosyadlyy and Derek LeRoith
22 Diabetes and sleep apnea 316Abd A. Tahrani
Section V: Pathogenesis
23 The insulin resistance syndrome 339Naveed Sattar, Paul Welsh and David Preiss 24 ß-Cell mass and function in human type 2 diabetes 354Piero Marchetti and Ele Ferrannini
25 Pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus 371Ralph A. DeFronzo
26 The genetics of type 2 diabetes 401Emma Ahlqvist and Leif Groop
27 Glucose toxicity 413Hannele Yki-Järvinen and Donald A. McClain
28 Monogenic disorders of the ß cell 426Ali J. Chakera and Andrew T. Hattersley
29 Immunopathogenesis of type 1 diabetes in Western society 442Alberto Pugliese
30 Molecular genetics of type 1 diabetes 454M. Ann Kelly, Simon D. Rees, Anthony H. Barnett and Stephen C. Bain
Section VI: Obesity
31 The relationship between obesity and type 2 diabetes-the role of gut factors 469Daniel S. Hsia and William T. Cefalu
32 The role of energy metabolism in the regulation of energy balance 479Charmaine S. Tam and Eric Ravussin
33 Treatment of obesity: lifestyle and pharmacotherapy 489Arne Astrup
34 Treatment of obesity: bariatric surgery 505Karl J. Neff Ele Ferrannini and Carel W. le Roux
35 Animal models of obesity and type 2 diabetes 519David A. York, Mie Jung, Park-York and Timothy Gilbertson
36 The role of the hypothalamus in themaintenance of energy balance and peripheral glucose control 529Luis Varela and Tamas L. Horvath
Section VII: Clinical trial evidence in diabetes
37 Prevention of type 1 diabetes 541Jay S. Skyler
38 Prevention of type 2 diabetes 550Thomas Yates and Melanie J. Davies
39 Prevention of diabetic microvascular complications 564Alice P.S. Kong and Juliana C.N. Chan
Section VIII: Management of diabetes: diet exercise and drugs
40 Dietary management of diabetes mellitus in Europe and North America 577Jim I. Mann and Alexandra Chisholm
41 Exercise 589Henrik Galbo and Erik A. Richter
42 Sulfonylureas and meglitinides: insights into physiology and translational clinical utility 615Harold E. Lebovitz and Arne Melander
43 Metformin and other biguanides: pharmacology and therapeutic usage 641Susan L. Samson and Alan J. Garber
44 PPAR agonists in the treatment of diabetes 657Sunder Mudaliar and Robert R. Henry 45 a-Glucosidase inhibitors 673Josée Leroux-Stewart, Rémi Rabasa-Lhoret and Jean-Louis Chiasson
46 Combination therapy in type 2 diabetes mellitus 686Muhammad Abdul-Ghani, Ralph A. DeFronzo and Roy Eldor
47 New drugs for the treatment of diabetes mellitus 709Clifford J. Bailey
48 Incretin-based therapies 726Michael A. Nauck and Juris J. Meier
49 Insulin pumps 745Dace L. Trence and Irl B. Hirsch
50 Innovative therapies in diabetes: colesevelam and bromocriptine 758Shamsa Ali and Vivian Fonseca
Section IX: Management of diabetes: monitoring and other interventions
51 Implantable pumps and artificial and bio-artificial pancreas system 767William V. Tamborlane and Miladys M. Palau-Collazo
52 Pancreas and islet transplantation 774R. Paul Robertson
53 Hypoglycemia and other complications of insulin therapy 783Stephanie A. Amiel
54 Diabetic ketoacidosis and hyperosmolar state 799Abbas E. Kitabchi, Guillermo E. Umpierrez and Mary Beth Murphy
Section X: Management of diabetes: glucose and lipid monitoring specific subgroups
55 Type 2 diabetes in obese adolescents: pathophysiology and treatment 817Grace Kim and Sonia Caprio
56 Diabetes in pregnancy 823Yoel Toledano, Eran Hadar and Moshe Hod
57 Aging and diabetes mellitus 836Hermes Florez, Jorge Ruiz and Medha Munshi
58 Psychological problems and management of patients with diabetes mellitus 846Alan M. Delamater, Ashley Marchante, and Jennifer Hernandez
59 Glycated hemoglobin serum proteins and other markers as tools for monitoring 853Susan M. Gerber, Douglas F. Stickle, Intekhab Ahmed, and Serge A. Jabbour
Section XI: Complications of diabetes: general and microvasular
60 Pathogenesis of diabetic microvascular complications 875Josephine M. Forbes and Brooke Harcourt
61 Diabetic retinopathy and other ocular complications 889Gavin S. Tan and Tien YinWong
62 Diabetic nephropathy 911George Jerums, Elif I. Ekinci, Erosha Premaratne, Scott T. Baker, Sianna Panagiotopoulos and Richard J. MacIsaac
63 Pathology of human diabetic neuropathy 926M. Mojaddidi, A.K. Sharma and Rayaz A. Malik
64 Autonomic neuropathy 939Chinmay S. Marathe, Liza Phillips and Michael Horowitz
65 Connective tissue disorders in diabetes 953Arlan L. Rosenbloom
66 The diabetic foot 964Frank L. Bowling and Andrew J.M. Boulton
67 Erectile dysfunction in diabetes mellitus 975Michael H. Cummings and Rajesh Rajendran
68 Periodontal disease and diabetes mellitus 988Wenche S. Borgnakke and Robert J. Genco
Section XII: Complications of diabetes: macrovascular
69 Epidemiology of macrovascular disease and hypertension in diabetes mellitus 1007Jaakko Tuomilehto, Daiva Rastenyte, Qing Qiao, Noël C. Barengo and Karl Matz
70 Atherogenesis coronary heart disease and insulin resistance syndrome in diabetes 1031Barak Zafrir and Jorge Plutzky
71 Endothelial function and metabolic syndrome 1046Xinpu Chen and Sridevi Devaraj
72 Hemostatic abnormalities in diabetes mellitus 1051R.A. Ajjan and Peter J. Grant
73 Clinical features and treatment of coronary heart disease in diabetes 1064Eberhard Standl, Michael Erbach, Markolf Hanefeld, Oliver Schnell, Bernd Stratmann and Diethelm Tschoepe
74 Arterial hypertension in diabetes: etiology and treatment 1079Colleen Flynn and George Bakris
75 Peripheral vascular and cerebrovascular disease in diabetes mellitus 1091Debabrata Mukherjee
Section XIII: Diabetes and public health
76 The diabetes challenge: from human and social rights to the empowerment of people with diabetes 1105C.T. Di Iorio, Fabrizio Carinci and M. Massi Benedetti
77 The economics of diabetes care: a global perspective 1113Rhys Williams
Index i
Muhammad Abdul-Ghani MD, PhD
Associate Professor
Diabetes Division
Department of Medicine
The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio (UTHSCSA)
San Antonio, TX, USA
Sean H. Adams MS, PhD
Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, and Section of Developmental Nutrition
Department of Pediatrics
University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences
Little Rock, AR, USA
Marilyn Ader PhD
Associate Director, Cedars-Sinai Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute Associate Professor, Department of Biomedical Sciences
Cedars-Sinai
Los Angeles, CA, USA
Emma Ahlqvist PhD
Assistant Professor
Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö
Lund University
University Hospital Skåne
Malmö, Sweden
Intekhab Ahmed MD, FACP, FACE
Associate Professor of Medicine
Program Director Endocrine Fellowship
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases
Jefferson Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University
Philadelphia, PA, USA
Bo Ahrén MD, PhD
Professor
Department of Clinical Sciences
Lund, Sweden
R.A. Ajjan FRCP, MMedSci, PhD
Associate Professor/Consultant in Diabetes and Endocrinology
Division of Cardiovascular and Diabetes Research
University of Leeds/Leeds Teaching Hospitals Trust
Leeds, UK
Shamsa Ali MD
Assistant Professor of Endocrinology
Tulane University Health Sciences Center
New Orleans, LA, USA
Stephanie A. Amiel MD, FRCP
RD Lawrence Professor of Diabetic Medicine
Joint Head of Division of Diabetes & Nutritional Sciences
King's College London
London, UK
Ryan M. Anderson PhD
Indiana University School of Medicine,
Indianapolis, IN, USA
Arne Astrup MD, DMSc
Director and Professor
Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports
Faculty of Science
University of Copenhagen
Copenhagen, Denmark
Clifford J. Bailey PhD, FRCP (Edin), FRCPath
Professor of Clinical Science
School of Life and Health Sciences
Aston University
Birmingham, UK
Stephen C. Bain MA, MD, FRCP
Professor of Medicine (Diabetes)
Institute of Life Science, College of Medicine
Swansea University
Swansea, UK
Scott T. Baker MB.BS, PhD
Endocrinologist
Endocrine Centre & Department of Medicine
Austin Health;
University of Melbourne
Melbourne, VIC, Australia
George Bakris MD, FASH, FASN
Professor of Medicine
Director, ASH Comprehensive Hypertension Center
The University of Chicago
Chicago, IL, USA
Noël C. Barengo
Adjunct Professor
Department of Public Health
University of Helsinki
Helsinki, Finland
Anthony H. Barnett BSc (Hons), MD, FRCP
Consultant Physician and Emeritus Professor of Medicine
Clinical and Experimental Medicine
College of Medicine and Dentistry
University of Birmingham;
Diabetes Centre
Heart of England NHS Foundation Trust
Richard N. Bergman PhD
Alfred Jay Firestein Chair in Diabetes Research
Director, Cedars-Sinai Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute
Professor, Department of Biomedical Sciences
Wenche S. Borgnakke DDS, MPH, PhD
Senior Research Associate in Health Sciences
Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine
University of Michigan School of Dentistry
Ann Arbor, MI, USA
Andrew J.M. Boulton MD, DSc (Hon), FRCP
President, European Association for the Study of Diabetes;
Professor of Medicine, University of Manchester;
Consultant Physician, Manchester Royal Infirmary
Manchester, UK;
Visiting Professor, University of Miami
Miami, FL, USA
Frank L. Bowling BSc(Hons), MSc, PhD, FFPM, RCPS (Glasg)
Clinical Research Fellow
University of Manchester
Manchester Royal Infirmary
Department of Diabetes & Vascular Surgery
Manchester, UK
Fernando Bril MD
Postdoctoral Associate
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism
University of Florida
Gainesville, FL, USA
Shawn C. Burgess PhD
Division Head, Metabolic Mechanisms of Disease
Advanced Imaging Research Center and Department of Pharmacology
University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center
Dallas, TX, USA
Sonia Caprio MD
Yale University School of Medicine
New Haven, CT, USA
Fabrizio Carinci MS
Senior Biostatistician
Serectrix snc
Pescara, Italy
William T. Cefalu MD
Executive Director
Douglas L. Manship, Sr. Professor of Diabetes
Pennington Biomedical Research Center
Louisiana State University
Baton Rouge, LA, USA
Ali J. Chakera MBChB, BMedSci (Hons)
Research Fellow
University of Exeter Medical School;
Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital
Exeter, UK
Juliana C.N. Chan MD
Professor of Medicine and Therapeutics
Department of Medicine and Therapeutics
Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences
The Chinese University of Hong Kong
Hong Kong SAR, China
Xinpu Chen PhD
Postdoctoral Research Associate Baylor College of Medicine
Texas Children's Hospital and Baylor College of Medicine
Houston, TX, USA
Jean-Louis Chiasson MD
Division of Endocrinology
Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM);
Research Centre, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal (CRCHUM),
Université de Montréal
Montréal, Canada
Alexandra Chisholm PhD
Senior Research Fellow
Department of Human Nutrition
University of Otago
Dunedin, New Zealand
Michael H. Cummings MD, FRCP
Professor of Diabetes and Endocrinology
Academic Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology
Queen Alexandra Hospitals Portsmouth NHS Trust
Portsmouth, UK
Kenneth Cusi MD, FACP, FACE
Chief, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism Division
Melanie J. Davies MD, FRCP, FRCGP
Professor of Diabetes Medicine
Leicester Diabetes Centre
College of Medicine, Biological Sciences and Psychology
University of Leicester;
National Institute for Health Research Leicester-Loughborough Diet
Lifestyle and Physical Activity
Biomedical Research Unit
Leicester, UK
Ralph A. DeFronzo MD
Professor of Medicine and Division Chief, Diabetes
Deputy Director, Texas Diabetes Institute
Alan M. Delamater PhD
Professor of Pediatrics and Psychology
University of Miami Miller School of Medicine
Stefano Del Prato MD
Professor of Endocrinology and Metabolism
School of Medicine, University of Pisa;
Chief, Section of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases
University of Pisa
Pisa, Italy
Sridevi Devaraj PhD, DABCC, FACB
Medical Director of Clinical Chemistry and POCT;
Texas Childrens Hospital and Health Centers;
Professor of Pathology and Immunology
Baylor College of Medicine;
Director, Clinical Chemistry Fellowship
Associate Director, Translation, Texas Children's Microbiome Center
Suite, Houston, TX, USA
Jared M. Dickinson PhD
School of Nutrition and Health Promotion
Healthy Lifestyles Research Center
Exercise Science and Health Promotion
Arizona State University
Phoenix, AZ, USA
Elif I. Ekinci MBBS, FRACP, PhD
Director of Diabetes
Roy Eldor MD, PhD
Prin. Scientist
LSD Clinical Research Diabetes and Endocrinology
Merck Research Laboratories
Rahway, NJ, USA
Michael Erbach MD
Manager...
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