Air Dispersion Modeling

Name: Air Dispersion Modeling | Foundations and Applications
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Foundations and Applications

Alex De Visscher(Autor*in)

Wiley (Verlag)

Erschienen am 17. September 2013

664 Seiten

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Inhalt

Intro
Air Dispersion Modeling: Foundations and Applications
Copyright
Contents
Preface
List of Symbols
Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Types of Air Dispersion Models
1.2.1 Gaussian Plume Models
1.2.2 Gaussian Puff Models
1.2.3 Stochastic Lagrangian Particle Models
1.2.4 Eulerian Advection and Dispersion Models
1.2.5 Computational Fluid Dynamics
1.3 Standard Conditions for Temperature and Pressure
1.4 Concentration Units in the Gas Phase
1.5 Units
1.6 Constants and Approximately Constant Variables
1.7 Frequently Used Greek Symbols
Problems
References
Chapter 2 An Air Dispersion Modeling Primer
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Basic Concepts of Air Dispersion
2.3 Gaussian Dispersion Model
2.3.1 Assumptions Underlying the Gaussian Plume Concept
2.3.2 Quantitative Description
2.3.3 Refinements
2.4 Plume Rise
2.4.1 Plume Rise Correlations
2.4.2 Critical Wind Speed
2.4.3 Rules of Thumb
2.5 Need for Refinements to the Basic Gaussian Plume Dispersion Model
Problems
MaterIals OnlIne
References
Chapter 3 Air Pollutants: An Overview
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Types of Air Pollution
3.2.1 Sulfur Compounds
3.2.2 Nitrogen Compounds
3.2.3 Volatile Organic Compounds
3.2.4 Inorganic Carbon
3.2.5 Ozone
3.2.6 Particulate Matter
3.2.7 Metals
3.2.8 Air Pollution and Health
3.2.9 Global Warming
3.2.10 Air Pollution and Visibility
3.2.11 Odor Nuisance
Problems
References
Chapter 4 Regulation of Air Quality and Air Quality Modeling
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Air Quality Regulation
4.3 Air Dispersion Modeling Guidelines
References
Chapter 5 Meteorology for Air Dispersion Modelers
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Structure of the Atmosphere
5.3 Altitude Dependence of Barometric Pressure
5.4 Height Dependence of Temperature-Adiabatic Case
5.4.1 Adiabatic Lapse Rate
5.4.2 Potential Temperature
5.5 Stability
5.5.1 General Description of Stability
5.5.2 Stability Parameter
5.5.3 Diurnal Cycle of Stability
5.6 Heat Balance
5.7 Wind Speed Profile
5.7.1 Case 1: Smooth Surface, Adiabatic Conditions
5.7.2 Case 2: Rough Surface, Adiabatic Conditions
5.7.3 Case 3: Rough Surface, Nonneutral Conditions
5.8 Temperature Profile Revisited: Nonneutral Conditions
5.9 Heat Balance Revisited: Stable Conditions
5.10 Mixing Layer Height
5.11 Concept of Turbulence
5.11.1 Basic Properties of Turbulence
5.11.2 Measures of Turbulence
5.11.3 Similarity Theory and Turbulence
5.11.4 Covariance and Turbulence
5.11.5 Introduction to Eddy Diffusivity and Gradient Transport Theory
5.12 Special Topics in Meteorology
5.12.1 Convective Cycles: Qualitative Description
5.12.2 Internal Boundary Layer: Qualitative Description
5.12.3 Plume Shapes
5.12.4 Virtual Temperature
5.13 Advanced Topics in Meteorology
5.13.1 Convective Cycles: Quantitative Description
5.13.2 Simple Convective Boundary Layer Model
5.13.3 Internal Boundary Layer: Quantitative Description
5.13.4 Effect of Complex Terrain in Meteorology
5.14 Summary of Main Equations
Problems
Materials Online
References
Chapter 6 Gaussian Dispersion Modeling: An In-Depth Study
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Gaussian Plume Models
6.3 Parameterizations Based on Stability Classes
6.4 Gaussian Plume Dispersion Short Cut
6.5 Plume Dispersion Modifiers
6.6 Continuous Parameterization for Gaussian Dispersion Models
6.6.1 Introduction: From Turbulence to Dispersion
6.6.2 Autocorrelation of Wind Speed
6.6.3 Taylor's Hypothesis
6.6.4 Lagrangian Frame of Reference
6.6.5 Practical Schemes for Continuous Parameterizations
6.6.6 Dispersion Parameters Based on the Autocorrelation Function
6.6.7 More T i,L Relationships
6.7 Gaussian Plume Models for Nonpoint Sources
6.8 Virtual Source Concept
6.9 Special Issues
6.9.1 Probability Density Functions for Plumes in Convective Boundary Layers
6.9.2 Emission from a Ground-Level Source
6.10 Gaussian Puff Modeling
6.10.1 Introduction
6.10.2 Puff Models
6.10.3 Stochastic Puff Models: Parameterization for Instantaneous Puffs
6.11 Advanced Topics in Meteorology
6.11.1 Spectral Properties of Turbulence
6.11.2 Turbulent Energy Dissipation: Kolmogorov Theory
6.12 Summary of the Main Equations
Problems
Materials Online
References
Chapter 7 Plume-Atmosphere Interactions
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Plume Rise
7.2.1 Introduction
7.2.2 Plume Rise Theory
7.2.3 Flare Plume Rise
7.2.4 Numerical Plume Rise Calculations
7.3 Plume Downwash: Prime (Plume Rise Model Enhancements)
7.3.1 Introduction
7.3.2 Wake Size Calculations
7.3.3 Streamline Deflection Calculation
7.3.4 Plume-Wake Interaction Calculation
7.4 Behavior of Denser-than-Air Plumes
7.5 Deposition
7.5.1 Dry Deposition
7.5.2 Wet Deposition
7.5.3 Gaussian Dispersion Models with Deposition
7.6 Summary of the Main Equations
Problems
Materials Online
References
Chapter 8 Gaussian Model Approaches in Urban or Industrial Terrain
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Wind Flow Around Obstacles
8.3 Surface Roughness and Displacement Height in Urban and Industrial Terrain
8.3.1 Introduction
8.3.2 Determination of z0 and d
8.4 Wind Speed Profiles near the Surface: Deviations from Similarity Theory
8.4.1 Theoretical Background
8.4.2 Simple Approach
8.4.3 Exponential Wind Speed Profile
8.4.4 Junction Methods
8.4.5 Other Canopy Wind Speed Descriptions
8.5 Turbulence in Urban Terrain
8.6 Dispersion Calculations in Urban Terrain near the Surface
8.6.1 Introduction
8.6.2 Gaussian Model Formulation near the Surface
8.6.3 Near Surface Dispersion Parameter Calculation Schemes
8.7 An Example
8.8 Summary of the Main Equations
Problems
Materials Online
References
Chapter 9 Stochastic Modeling Approaches
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Fundamentals of Stochastic Air Dispersion Modeling
9.2.1 Introduction: Properties of the Langevin Equation
9.2.2 Modifying the Langevin Equation for Air Dispersion Modeling: Homogeneous Atmosphere
9.2.3 Langevin Equation in Heterogeneous Atmosphere
9.2.4 Turbulence Data for Stochastic Lagrangian Models
9.2.5 Stochastic Lagrangian Particle Modeling of the Convective Boundary Layer
9.3 Numerical Aspects of Stochastic Modeling
9.4 Stochastic Lagrangian Calculation Examples
9.5 Summary of the Main Equations
Problems
Materials Online
References
Chapter 10 Computational Fluid Dynamics and Meteorological Modeling
10.1 Introduction
10.2 CFD Model Formulation: Fundamentals
10.2.1 The Navier-Stokes Equation
10.2.2 The Material and Energy Balance
10.3 Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes ( RANS) Techniques
10.3.1 Averaging the Navier-Stokes Equations
10.3.2 Closing the Navier-Stokes Equations
10.3.3 Reynolds-Averaged Material and Energy Balances
10.4 Large Eddy Simulation (LES)
10.4.1 Introduction
10.4.2 Turbulence Modeling in LES
10.5 Numerical Methods in CFD
10.6 Meteorological Modeling
10.7 Summary of the Main Equations
References
Chapter 11 Eulerian Model Approaches
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Governing Equations of Eulerian Dispersion Models
11.3 Closing the Material Balance for Turbulent Motion
11.3.1 Local Closure
11.3.2 Nonlocal Closure
11.4 Atmospheric Chemistry
11.4.1 Introduction
11.4.2 Introduction to Chemical Kinetics
11.4.3 Introduction to Photochemical Kinetics
11.4.4 Gas-Phase Reactions in Tropospheric Chemistry
11.4.5 Chemistry of Aerosol Formation in the Troposphere
11.5 Numerical Aspects of Eulerian Dispersion Modeling
11.5.1 Advection
11.5.2 Diffusion/Dispersion
11.5.3 Chemical Reaction Kinetics
11.5.4 Boundary Conditions
11.5.5 Plume-in-Grid Modeling
11.6 Summary of the Main Equations
Problems
References
Chapter 12 Practical Aspects of Air Dispersion Modeling
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Source Characterization and Source Modeling
12.3 Coordinate Systems
12.4 Data Handling
12.5 Model Validation
References
Chapter 13 ISC3 and SCREEN3: A Detailed Description
13.1 Introduction
13.2 ISC3 Model Description
13.3 SCREEN3 Model Description
References
Chapter 14 AERMOD and AERMET: A Detailed Description : A
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Description of AERMET
14.3 Description of AERMOD
14.3.1 Wind Speed Profile
14.3.2 Potential Temperature Profile
14.3.3 Profile of Vertical Turbulence
14.3.4 Profile of Horizontal Turbulence
14.3.5 Calculation of Effective Variables
14.3.6 Complex Terrain in AERMOD
14.3.7 Concentration Predictions in AERMOD
14.3.8 Dispersion Parameters in AERMOD
14.3.9 Plume Rise Calculations in AERMOD
References
Chapter 15 CALPUFF and CALMET: A Detailed Description : A
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Description of CALMET
15.2.1 Coordinate System
15.2.2 Introduction to Wind Field Calculations in CALMET
15.2.3 Initial Guess Wind Field Generation in CALMET
15.2.4 Step 1: Wind Field Formulation in CALMET
15.2.5 Step 2: Wind Field Formulation in CALMET
15.2.6 Determination of Stability in CALMET
15.2.7 Precipitation Interpolation
15.3 Description of CALPUFF
15.3.1 Concentration Calculations in Calpuff
15.3.2 Dispersion Parameter Calculations in CALPUFF
15.3.3 Plume Rise Calculations in CALPUFF
15.3.4 Impact of Downwash on Plume Rise and Dispersion Calculations in CALPUFF
15.3.5 Area Source Plume Rise Calculations in CALPUFF
15.3.6 Coastal Dispersion Calculations in CALPUFF
15.3.7 Complex Terrain Calculations in CALPUFF: Introduction
15.3.8 Complex Terrain Algorithm for Subgrid Scale Features (CTSG)
15.3.9 Simple Adjustments for Complex Terrain
References
Chapter 16 CMAQ: A Brief Description
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Main Features of CMAQ
16.3 Advection and Diffusion Modeling in CMAQ
16.4 Atmospheric Chemistry Modeling in CMAQ
16.4.1 Photolysis Rates
16.4.2 Chemical Mechanisms in CMAQ
16.4.3 Numerical Aspects of Chemistry in CMAQ
References
Appendix A Auxiliary Calculations and Derivations
Chapter A5: Meteorology for Air Dispersion Modelers
A.5.1 Pressure and Temperature Dependence of Gs
A.5.2 Calculation of Solar Elevation
A.5.3 Solar Elevation Dependence of Albedo
A.5.4 Calculation of the Contribution of Viscosity on the Surface Shear Stress
A.5.5 Alternative Equations for f m ( z?)
A.5.6 Derivation of Geostrophic Wind Speed from the Navier-Stokes Equations
A.5.7 Alternative Equations for f h ( z?)
A.5.8 Link between Similarity Theories of Wind Speed and Temperature: The Richardson Number
A.5.9 Using Potential Temperature to Calculate u * and L
A.5.10 Intuitive Derivation of Shear Stress on a Horizontal Plane
A.5.11 Bi-Gaussian Model for the Convective Boundary Layer: Derivation of Equations
Chapter A6: Gaussian Dispersion Modeling: An In-Depth Study
A.6.1 Parameterizations for sy and sz Based on Stability Classes
A.6.2 Estimation of Plume Dispersion at Large Distance
A.6.3 Dispersion Calculations for a Finite Line Source Perpendicular to the Wind Direction
Chapter A7: Plume-Atmosphere Interactions
A.7.1 Derivation of the Momentum Balance along the Wind Direction for Denser-than-Air plumes
A.7.2 Derivation of the Species Balance for Denser-than-Air Plumes
A.7.3 Derivation of an Alternative Deposition Equation for Particles
A.7.4 Diffusion of a Compound into a Sphere
Chapter A8: Gaussian Model Approaches in Urban or Industrial Terrain
Chapter A9: Stochastic Modeling Approaches
A.9.1 derivation of the langevin equation for homogeneous turbulence from the fokker-planck equation
A.9.2 Rescaling Stochastic Lagrangian Calculations for Variable T i,L
Chapter A10: Computational Fluid Dynamics and Meteorological Modeling
References
Appendix B Auxiliary Data and Methods
B3 Integrals
B4 Graphical Integration Rules
B5 Numerical Integration of Ordinary Differential Equations
B5.1 In Excel: Euler's Method
B5.2 In Matlab: Runge-Kutta and Other Methods
B5.3 Higher Order Ordinary Differential Equations
B6 Numerical Integration of Partial Differential Equations
Materials Online
References
Appendix C Theory of Near Surface Turbulence Applied to Wind Speed Profiles, Dry Deposition, Air-Water Exchange, and Canopy Effects
C1 Introduction
C2 Analysis of the Law of the Wall for Aerodynamically Smooth Surfaces
C3 Dry Deposition to Aerodynamically Smooth Surfaces
C4 Roughness of a Smooth Water Surface
C5 Air-Side Mass Transfer to a Smooth Water Surface
C6 Water-Side Mass Transfer to a Smooth Water Surface
C7 Wind Speeds in an Urban Canopy
References
Index

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