Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry and Its Applications

Preface Principal symbols Chapter I. Introduction References Chapter II. Principles of operation A. The quadrupole field 1 The geometry 2 The applied potential 3 The equations of motion 4 The ion trajectories B. The mass filter 1The stability diagram 2 The resolution 3 The mass filter aperture 4 The mass filter acceptance 5 Computed performance 6 Ion exit 7 The rectangularly driven mass filter 8 A high-resolution device C. The monopole 1 Conditions for ion transmission 2 Resolution 3 Mass scanning 4 Computed performance 5 Ion energy 6 Geometrical variations 7 Apparent advantages and disadvantages D. The quadrupole ion trap 1 Conditions for ion trapping 2 Mass-selective ion detection 3 Mass-selective ion storage 4 Computer simulations 5 Novel features E. Exact focusing devices F. The oscillatory field time-of-flight spectrometer G. Static quadrupole devices ReferencesChapter III. Analytical theory A. The Hill equation B. The Mathieu equation C. The complete solution D. Auxiliary fields E. Special cases ReferencesChapter IV. Numerical calculations A. Numerical integration B. Matrix methods 1 Matrix representation 2 Phase-space dynamics References Chapter V. Fringing fields and other imperfections A. Fringing fields 1 The mass filter 2 The monopole B. Systematic field faults 1 The analytical approach 2 Computer simulation 3 Experimental evidence 4 Round rods 5 Field distortions and the monopole ReferencesChapter VI. The mass filter: design and performance A. Basic considerations of mass range and resolution B. Field imperfections and their effect on performance 1 Mechanical misalignments of the rods 2 Contamination of the rods 3 The use of circular rods to approximate hyperbolic fields C. The ion source 1 Design and construction 2 Alignment of the source D. Ion detection 1 The Faraday cup 2 The electron multiplier 3 High pressure limit of operation E. Instrument sensitivity 1 Dependence on resolution 2 Dependence on mass 3 The delayed d.c. ramp F. Operation with non-sinusoidal fields G. Electrical power supplies References Chapter VII. The monopole: design and performance A. Introduction B. Ion oscillations in a monopole C. Ion entrance and exit D. Mechanical construction of the monopole E. The power supply 1 Sweep unit 2 Rf unit F. Comparison of the experimental observations with theoretical expectations 1 Mass scale and dispersion 2 Scanning methods and extended mass range 3 Peak width and peak shape 4 Resolution and peak separation 5 Sensitivity G. Effect of a high pressure in the monopole section H. Negative ions I. Power consumption J. Conclusions ReferencesChapter VIII. Quadrupole ion traps A. Introduction B. The three-electrode ion trap. Construction and instrumentation 1 The electrodes 2 Ion creation 3 The rf power supply 4 Ion detection C. Other forms of ion trap 1 The six-electrode trap 2 The storage-ring trap 3 The static ion trap D. Survey of applications of ion traps 1 Mass spectrometric applications 2 The storage of microparticles 3 The quadrupole ion storage source (quistor) E.