Marek's Disease

Name: Marek's Disease | An Evolving Problem
Brand: Academic Press
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An Evolving Problem

Fred Davison Venugopal Nair(Herausgeber*in)

Academic Press

Erschienen am 30. Juni 2004

208 Seiten

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Cover
Biology of animal infections
Marek's disease: an evolving problem
Dedication
Contents
Contributors
Series Introduction
Preface
Acknowledgements
Abbreviations
1 Introduction
General background
József Marek (1868-1952) and the identification of the disease
Houghton Poultry Research Station and the isolation of the causative agent of Marek's disease
The place of Marek's disease and Marek's disease virus in the biological sciences
Acknowledgements
References
2 Marek's disease: long and difficult beginnings
Introduction
Early days
Terminology and classification
Evidence for the separation of Marek's disease from lymphoid leukoses
Clinical and pathological studies of field cases
Transmission studies
Lymphoid leukosis
Marek's disease
Experimental studies comparing Marek's disease with lymphoid leukosis
Identifying the Marek's disease virus
Identification of Marek's disease herpesvirus
Circumstantial evidence
Definitive evidence
Summary
References
3 The genome content of Marek's disease-like viruses
Introduction
Gene content and transcription of the Mardiviruses
Transcription and gene expression during MDV latency
Manipulation of the MDV genome: new strategy using bacterial artificial chromosomes
Summary
Acknowledgements
References
4 Marek's disease virus oncogenicity: molecular mechanisms
Introduction
Meq, a Jun/Fos family member, as a putative oncogene for MDV
The structure and function of Meq
Structure
Transactivation
Dimerization in vitro and in vivo
DNA and chromosomal binding
Interactions with cellular factors
Meq as a transcriptional regulator
Meq as a transforming protein
Meq as a major oncoprotein in MDV oncogenesis
Meq mutations in proline-rich domains correlate with virulence
Meq's potential roles in MDV replication and latency
Summary and implications of Meq as an oncogene for MDV
Other genes associated with pathogenicity
BamHI-H family of transcripts
MDV phosphoprotein 38 (pp38) complex
MDV-encoded CXC chemokine, vIL-8
MDV-encoded telomerase RNA
MDV ICP4 homologue-related transcripts
Summary
References
5 Marek's disease: a worldwide problem
Introduction
Diagnostic investigation of MD problems
Economic impact
Causes of outbreaks
MD in species other than chickens
Problems associated with contamination of MD vaccines
Summary
References
6 Marek's disease virus: biology and life cycle
Introduction
Natural infection with MDV
Early cytolytic phase
Latency
Late cytolytic phase
Fully productive infection in the feather-follicle epithelium
Transformation
Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
7 Pathological responses to infection
Introduction
Virus-cell relationships in Marek's disease
Pathogenesis and pathology of Marek's disease
Primary infection
Acute cytolytic infection of lymphoid tissue
Viraemia and haematology
Infection of feather-follicle epithelium
Infection of other parenchymatous tissues
Peripheral neuropathy
Central nervous system
Lymphomatosis
Atherosclerosis
Ocular changes
Factors affecting lesion type
Virus strain
Host
Marek's disease in other species
Turkeys
Japanese quail
Pheasants
Conclusions
References
8 Marek's disease lymphomas
Introduction
Histopathology
Peripheral nerves
Skin
Visceral and skeletal muscle lymphomas
Lymphoma cell phenotypes
MATSAs
MDV-transformed cells
Phenotypes of MD lymphoma cells
MDV genome
The cellular environment
The identity of the neoplastically transformed cells in MD lymphomas
Anti-lymphoma immunity
MD lymphoma regression
Anti-MD lymphoma immunity
Transplantable tumours
Tumour antigens in MD
Model for MD lymphomagenesis
Summary
Acknowledgements
References
9 Genetic resistance to Marek's disease
Introduction
MHC associated resistance
Structure and function of the MHC
Mechanism of MHC-determined resistance to MD
Non-MHC associated resistance
Differences in viral replication between lines 6 and 7
Phenotypic comparisons
Investigation of candidate genes
Genomic mapping approaches
Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
10 Immunity to Marek's disease
Introduction
MDV entry via the lungs
Role of macrophages
Role of natural killer cells
Acquired immune responses to MDV
Role of antibodies
Role of cell-mediated immune responses
Cytokine responses during the cytolytic phase
The role of cytokines in the induction and maintenance of latency
Cytokine production by tumour cells
Role of the MDV-encoded CXC chemokine
Immunity to MDV induced by vaccination
Conclusions
References
11 Marek's disease immunosuppression
Introduction
Mechanisms of MD-induced immunosuppression
Immunosuppression caused by loss of lymphocytes
Immunosuppression caused by changes in the regulation of immune responses
Nitric oxide, a dual role
Cytokines
Down-regulation of lymphocyte surface molecules and other immuno-evasive mechanisms
Immunosuppression caused by tumour cells
Confounding factors in MDV-induced immunosuppression
Chicken infectious anaemia virus
Infectious bursal disease virus
Reticuloendotheliosis virus
Reovirus infection
Consequences of immunosuppression
Summary
References
12 Diagnosis of Marek's disease
Introduction
Diagnosis of MD under field conditions
Laboratory diagnosis of MD
Collection of infectious material for in vitro studies
Virus isolation and identification
Detection and characterization of MDV antigens and antibodies
Identification of MDV DNA
Differentiation of MDV serotypes, strains and isolates
Summary
References
13 Vaccination against Marek's disease
History of Marek's disease vaccine
Importance of vaccination
Licensing, manufacturing and administering current MD vaccines
In ovo vaccination
Vaccination problems and solutions
Attenuation of MDV and its effect on protection
Recombinant vaccines
Summary
References
14 Future strategies for controlling Marek's disease
Introduction
Current MD situation and vaccination strategies
Future risk of increasing the incidence of MD
Current tools for MD control
Vaccination
Genetics
Biosecurity
Developing new strategies for control
Vaccine development
Development of transgenic chickens
What research is needed for the rational development of new strategies of control?
Summary
Acknowledgements
References
15 Conclusions
References
Appendix: Key references
Index
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
V
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