Linear Algebra

1. Introduction to Linear Algebra.- 1. Some problems which lead to linear algebra.- 2. Number systems and mathematical induction.- 2. Vector Spaces and Systems of Linear Equations.- 3. Vector spaces.- 4. Subspaces and linear dependence.- 5. The concepts of basis and dimension.- 6. Row equivalence of matrices.- 7. Some general theorems about finitely generated vector spaces.- 8. Systems of linear equations.- 9. Systems of homogeneous equations.- 10. Linear manifolds.- 3. Linear Transformations and Matrices.- 11. Linear transformations.- 12. Addition and multiplication of matrices.- 13. Linear transformations and matrices.- 4. Vector Spaces with an Inner Product.- 14. The concept of symmetry.- 15. Inner products.- 5. Determinants.- 16. Definition of determinants.- 17. Existence and uniqueness of determinants.- 18. The multiplication theorem for determinants.- 19. Further properties of determinants.- 6. Polynomials and Complex Numbers.- 20. Polynomials.- 21. Complex numbers.- 7. The Theory of a Single Linear Transformation.- 22. Basic concepts.- 23. Invariant subspaces.- 24. The triangular form theorem.- 25. The rational and Jordan canonical forms.- 8. Dual Vector Spaces and Multilinear Algebra.- 26. Quotient spaces and dual vector spaces.- 27. Bilinear forms and duality.- 28. Direct sums and tensor products.- 29. A proof of the elementary divisor theorem.- 9. Orthogonal and Unitary Transformations.- 30. The structure of orthogonal transformations.- 31. The principal axis theorem.- 32. Unitary transformations and the spectral theorem.- 10. Some Applications of Linear Algebra.- 33. Finite symmetry groups in three dimensions.- 34. Application to differential equations.- 35. Analytic methods in matrix theory.- 36. Sums of squares and Hurwitz's theorem.- Bibliography (with Notes).- Solutions of Selected Exercises.- Symbols (Including Greek Letters).