Applied Gamma-Ray Spectrometry

Preface to the Second EditionPreface to the First EditionIntroductionReferencesChapter 1. Intrinsic Variables 1. Types of Emission and Decay Schemes of Unstable Nuclei A. Gamma Emission and Internal Conversion B. Isomeric Transition C. Angular Correlation of Gamma-Rays in Cascade D. Characteristic X-Ray Excitation E. Beta Transitions (EC, ß+ and ß-) 2. Interaction Processes of Radiation With Matter A. Photoelectric Effect B. Compton Scattering C. Pair Production D. Bremsstrahlung 3. Gamma-Ray Detectors ReferencesChapter 2. Scintillation Detectors 1. Principles of Scintillation A. The Energy Band Model B. Conditions for Luminescence C. Luminescent Materials D. The Mechanism of Scintillation E. Classification of Scintillators 2. The Detection of Scintillations A. Reflectors and Cans B. Optical Coupling and Light Pipe C. Photomultipliers 3. Sodium Iodide-Thallium Activated Crystals A. Physical Properties B. Preparation C. Surface Effects D. Machining E. Packaging ReferencesChapter 3. Semiconductor Gamma Detectors 1. General Considerations A. Semiconductor Properties B. Detector Requirements C. Junction Detectors D. Gamma Detectors 2. The Lithium Ion Drift Process and the Germanium-Lithium System A. Lithium Ion Drift B. Ion Pairing C. Lithium Precipitation 3. Fabrication of Lithium Drifted Detectors A. Material Considerations B. Fabrication of Germanium-Lithium Drifted Detectors C. Detector Mounting and Surface Sensitivity D. Temperature Sensitivity and the Exactness of the Compensation E. Detector Configurations F. Cryostat Considerations 4. Germanium-Lithium Drifted Detector Characteristics A. Operation Temperature B. Radiation Damage in Germanium Detectors C. Linearity D. Detection Efficiency 5. Other Semiconductor Gamma Detectors 6. Silicon-Lithium Drifted Detectors ReferencesChapter 4. Proportional Counters as Spectrometers for Low Energy Applications 1. Proportional Gas Counter 2. Semiconductor Detectors With Internal Amplification ReferencesChapter 5. Instrumentation 1. Amplification Equipment A. Preamplifier B. Pulse Shaping C. Low Noise Preamplifier Design D. Other Pulse-Shaping Networks E. Linear Amplifiers for High Resolution Spectrometry F. Base Line Restoration 2. Analyzing Equipment A. Analogue-To-Digital Converter B. Data Storage C. Analyzer Characteristics D. Dead Time Correction ¿. Linearity F. Stability G. Other Amplifier Requirements H. Biased Amplifier I. High Voltage Supply 3. Special Spectrometer Arrangements A. Total Absorption Spectrometers and Anti-Coincidence Arrangements B. Compton Spectrometer C. Pair Spectrometer D. Coincidence Spectrometry 4. Design of the Detector Shielding and Analysis of the Sources of the Detector Background References Chapter 6. Energy and Time Resolution 1. Scintillation Spectrometer Statistics A. Pulse Amplitude Resolution B. Time Resolution and Pulse Shape 2. Energy Resolution of Germanium (Lithium) Detectors A. Detector Noise B. Statistical Spread in the Number of Carriers C. Pulse Shape and the Fundamental Limits of Time Resolution of Germanium Detectors 3. Energy Resolution of the Proportional Gas Counter References Chapter 7. Calibration of the Detectors 1. Computed Efficiency of Sodium Iodide Detectors 2.