Bioaerosols Handbook

Chapter-1 Editor's Introduction -- Chapter-2 Bioaerosols: Introduction, Retrospect and Prospect, /JM Hirst -- The Foundations -- The Tools of the Trade -- Handling the Catch -- Current Practice -- Overview -- Reference -- Chapter-3 Physical Aspects of Bioaerosol Particles, /CS Cox -- Introduction -- Brownian Motion -- Gravitational Field -- Electrical Forces -- Thermal Gradients -- Electromagnetic Radiation -- Turbulent Diffusion and Inertial Forces -- Inertial Impaction -- Particle Shape -- Relative Humidity and Hygroscopy -- Relative Humidity Measurement -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter-4 Physical Aspects of Bioaerosol Sampling and Deposition, /K W Nicholson -- Introduction -- The Physics of Particle Sampling -- Practical Air Sampling of Atmospheric Bioaerosols -- Particle Size Analysis -- The Atmosphere-Surface Exchange of Particulate Materials in the Outdoor Environment -- Dry Deposition as a Removal Process -- Wet Deposition as a Removal Process -- The Resuspension of Material Into the Atmosphere -- Summary and Conclusions -- References -- Chapter-5 Bioaerosol Particle Statistics, /AJ Heber -- Introduction -- Properties of Bioaerosol Size Distributions -- Shape -- Quantity -- Size -- Particle Grouping -- Averages -- Diameter of Average Quantity -- Moment Averages of Weighted Distributions -- Variance -- Size Distribution Functions -- Normal -- Lognormal -- Gaudin-Schuhman Power Law -- Rosin-Rammler -- Goodness of Fit -- Application -- Bioaerosol B1 -- Bioaerosol B2 -- Bioaerosol B3 -- Open-Ended Classes -- Statistical Accuracy -- Summary -- Principal Symbols -- List of Subscripts -- References -- Chapter-6 Stability of Airborne Microbes and Allergens, /CS Cox -- Introduction -- Survival and Infectivity -- Most Probable Target Molecules -- Relative Humidity and Temperature -- Coliphages -- Viruses -- Bacteria -- Other Microbes -- Allergens -- Oxygen -- Open Air Factor and Other Pollutants -- Radiation -- Mathematical Models -- Dehydration and Temperature Model -- Oxygen and Open Air Factor Models -- Maillard Reactions -- Membrane Phase Changes -- Energetics -- Repair -- The Repair Problem -- Summary -- References -- Chapter-7 Aerosol Generation for Instrument Calibration, /JP Mitchell -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Aerosol Generation Methods -- Monodisperse Aerosols -- Polymer Latex Particles -- Vibrating Orifice and Related Aerosol Generators -- Spinning Top /Disc Aerosol Generators -- Condensation Aerosol Generators -- Electrostatic Classifier -- Other Sources of Monodisperse Particles -- Polydisperse Aerosols -- Compressed Air Nebulizers -- Ultrasonic Nebulizers -- Fluidized Bed Aerosol Generators -- Other Dust Generators -- Exploding Wire Aerosol Generators -- Gas-Phase Reactions -- Particle Standards -- Instrument Calibration -- Inertial Analyzers -- Impactors and Cyclones -- Inertial Spectrometers -- Real-Time Aerodynamic Particle Sizers -- Optical Particle Counters -- Electrical Aerosol Analyzers -- Condensation Nuclei Counters (CNCs) -- Aerosol Mass Concentration Monitors -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter-8 Particle Size Analyzers: Practical Procedures and Laboratory Techniques, /JP Mitchell -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Sampling for Size Analyses -- General Principles -- Calm-Air Sampling -- Flowing Gas Streams -- Sample Line Losses -- Sampling from Ducts and Stacks -- Aerosol Particle Size Measurement Techniques -- Summary of Methods -- Sedimentation /Inertial Techniques -- Sedimentation Techniques (Elutriators) -- Cascade Impactors -- Cascade Cyclones -- Real-Time Analyzers -- Centrifugal Spectrometers -- Optical Techniques -- Optical Particle Counters ? -- Laser Diffractometers -- Laser (Phase)-Doppler Systems -- Intensity Deconvolution Technique -- GALAICIS Laser-Particle Interaction /Image Analyzer -- Electrical Mobility Techniques -- Operating Principle -- Electrical Aerosol Analyzer (EAA) -- Differential Mobility Analyzers (DMAs) -- Microscopy -- Summary -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter-9 Inertial Samplers: Biological Perspectives, /B Crook -- Introduction -- Gravitation /Settle Plates -- Impactors, Sieve and Stacked Sieve Samplers -- Single-Stage Samplers -- Spore traps -- Whirling Arm or Rotorod Samplers -- Slit-To Agar Samplers -- Analysis -- Cascade Impactors -- Sieve Samplers -- Stacked Sieve -- Single-Stage Sieve Samplers -- Analysis -- Impingers -- Size Fractionating Impingers -- Centrifugal Samplers (Cyclones, Centrifuges) -- Cyclone Samplers -- Centrifugal Samplers -- Practical Aspects -- High-Volume Sampling -- Sampling of Large Particles -- Other Practical Aspects -- Summary -- References -- Chapter-10 Non-Inertial Samplers: Biological Perspectives, /B Crook -- Introduction -- Filtration -- Filtration Media -- Fibrous Filters -- Membrane Filters -- Flat Filters -- Filter Holders -- Analysis -- Microscopy -- Cultivation -- Airborne Allergens -- Relative Performance of Filtration Sampling -- Electrostatic Precipitation -- Collection Into Liquid -- Collection Onto Solid Surface -- Analysis -- Performance -- Thermal Precipitation -- Practical Aspects of Sampling -- High-Volume Sampling -- Sampling Large Particles -- Other Practical Aspects -- Summary -- References -- Chapter-11 Modern Microscopic Methods of Bioaerosol Analysis, /KJ Morris -- Introduction -- Direct Visualization and Measurement of Spores and Pollens -- Sedimentation and Impaction Devices -- Filters -- Measurement of Viable Microorganisms in the Air -- Sedimentation and Impaction Devices -- Gelatin Filters -- Light Microscopy -- The Mono-Objective Bright Field Light Microscope -- Visualization of Cell Structures Using Traditional -- Histological Stains -- Counting Objects on a Slide -- Manually Measuring the Size of Objects on a Slide -- Counting Objects in a Liquid Suspension -- The Dark Field Illuminated Microscope -- The Phase Contrast Microscope -- The Polarizing Microscope -- The Interference Microscope -- The Fluorescence Light Microscope -- Introduction -- Using the Fluorescence Microscope -- The Confocal Microscope -- The Scanning Electron Microscope -- The Transmission Electron Microscope -- The Image Analyzer -- Introduction -- Video Cameras -- Image Analysis -- Colony Counting -- Other Physical Methods for Detecting Microorganisms -- Summary -- References -- Chapter-12 Chemical Analysis of Bioaerosols, /KR Spurny -- Introduction -- Collection and Specimen Preparation -- Microscopical Detection and Identification -- Chromatographic Methods -- Laser Spectroscopical Methods -- Fluorescence and Luminescence Spectroscopy -- Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy -- Mass Spectrometry -- Flow Cytometry -- Electrochemical Methods and Sensors -- Other Chemical Methods -- Future Developments -- Summary -- References -- Chapter-13 Biological and Biochemical Analysis of Bacteria and Viruses, /Andreas Hensel and the late Klaus Petzoldt -- Introduction -- Approach to a Microbiological Study -- General Limitations -- Choice of Methods -- Microbiological Aspects -- Effects of Collecting Devices on -- Microbiological Results -- Assaying Airborne Microorganisms and Their Components -- Assaying Viability and Infectivity of -- Bacteria and Viruses -- Collecting Media -- Evaluation of Bacterial Viability -- Infectivity Assays -- Cultivation in Tissue Cultures -- Cultivation in Embryonated Eggs -- Animal Inoculation -- Non-Cultural Methods -- Direct Examination -- Staining -- Electron Microscopy -- Immune Electron Microscopy -- Antibody-Based Detection of Specific -- Microbial Antigens -- Immunofluorescence Tests -- Enzyme Immunoassays and Radioimmunoassays -- Immunoelectroblot Techniques -- Detection of Specific Microbial Nucleic Acids -- Detection of Specific Microbial Products -- Chromogenic and Fluorogenic Enzyme Substrate Tests -- Gas-Liquid Chromatography -- Luminescence -- Limulus Test for LPS Detection -- Summary -- References -- Chapter-14 Biological Analysis of Fungi and Associated Molds, /TM Madelin and MF Madelin -- Introduction -- General Characteristics of Fungi and Associated Molds -- Principles of Aeromycological Assays -- Total Assay of Aerosols of Fungi and Associated Molds -- Introduction -- Non-Volumetric Total Assays -- Volumetric Total Assays -- Total Assay of Rain- and Splash-Dispersed Air Spora -- Microscopic Identification of Air Spora Constituents -- Viability -- Introduction -- Culture Techniques -- Vital Staining -- Infectivity -- Plant Pathogens -- Animal Pathogens -- Airborne Mycoses -- Toxicity -- Allergenicity Assays -- Introduction -- Symptoms of Respiratory Allergy -- Sampling the Environment -- Identifying and Extracting the Antigens -- Testing for Allergy -- Species Implicated in Allergies -- Summary -- References -- Chapter-15 Aerobiology of Pollen and Pollen Antigens, /Auli Rantio-Lehtimiiki -- Introduction -- General Characteristics of Pollen Grains -- Principles of Pollen Assays -- Total Assay of Pollen Aerosols -- Introduction -- Non-Volumetric Total Assays -- Volumetric Total Assay -- Intact Pollen Grains -- Pollen Antigens -- Pollen Grains and Pollen Antigens Indoors -- Pollen Information Networks -- Local Networks -- All-Continent Networks -- Viability -- Introduction -- Methods of Studying the Viability of Pollen Grains -- Pollen Allergies -- Introduction -- Allergenic Pollen -- Allergic Reactions to Pollen Grains -- Studies of Individual Pollen Allergens -- Introduction -- Methods of Studying Pollen Antigens -- Individual Pollen Allergens -- Allergens in Micron Size Fractions in the Air -- Pharmacology -- Detection of Pollen Allergy -- Immunotherapy and Drugs -- Toxins -- Toxic Pollen Grains -- Pollen and Acid Rain -- Changes in Pollen Chemistry Due to -- Atmospheric Pollutants -- Pollen Grains in Toxin Tests -- Summary -- References -- Chapter-16 Outdoor Air Sampling Techniques, /J Lacey and J Venette -- Introduction -- Sources of Bioaerosols -- Ambient Air -- Sedimentation Samplers -- Impaction on Static Rods -- Whirling Arm Impactors -- Impaction in Suction Traps -- Virtual Impactors -- Impingers -- Cyclone and High-Volume Samplers -- Filtration Samplers -- Precipitation Sampling -- Biological Air Samplers -- Choice of Sampler -- Siting -- Collection Media -- Handling the Catch -- Under Plant Canopies and in Crops -- In and Over Cities -- Over Seas -- Upper Atmosphere -- Isokinetic Air Sampler -- Isokinetic Sampler for Light Aircraft -- Modified Isokinetic Impactor -- Andersen Drum Sampler -- Qualitative Collection of Airborne Microorganisms -- McGill GE Electrostatic Bacterial Air Sampler -- Filter Sampler -- Straight Tube Ram Jet Impactor -- Membrane Filtration -- Cyclone Sampler -- Sampling from Rockets -- Culture Media and Incubation Temperatures -- for Airborne Sampling -- Sampling Plans -- Large vs Small Bioaerosol Particles: Choice of Samplers -- Summary -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter-17 Safety Cabinets, Fume Cupboards and Other Containment Systems, /RP Clark -- Introduction -- Sources of Bioaerosols -- Assessment of Hazard -- Containment Systems -- Microbiological Safety Cabinets -- Class I Microbiological Safety Cabinet -- Class II Microbiological Safety Cabinet -- Class III Microbiological Safety Cabinet -- Convertible Cabinets -- Safety Cabinets for Non-Microbiological Use -- Fume Cupboards (Hoods) -- Absorption Fume Cupboards -- Local Exhaust Systems (LEV) -- Rooms as Containment Facilities -- Containment Principles -- Operator Protection Factors -- The Microbiological Method -- The Potassium Iodide KI-Discus Method -- Tests Based on Gas Tracers -- Examples of the Use of Containment Measurements -- Effect of Laboratory Ventilation Systems -- Automated Analysis Equipment and Possible -- Bioaerosol Hazards -- Surface Contamination -- Summary -- References -- Chapter-18 Problem Buildings, Laboratories and Hospitals, /JM Macher, AJ Streifel and D. Vesley -- Introduction -- Sources and Consequences of Bioaerosol Exposures -- Problem Buildings -- Laboratories -- Hospitals -- Deciding When Environmental Monitoring Is Appropriate -- Investigating Building-Related Bioaerosol Problems and -- Evaluating Exposures -- Visual Inspection -- Surface and Material Sampling -- Air Sampling -- Sampling Procedures -- Sampling Sites -- Sampling Frequency, Timing and Volume -- Detection MethodsS -- Interpreting Findings -- Liquid and Material Samples? -- Air Samples -- Problem Buildings -- Laboratories -- Hospitals -- Modeling -- Ventilation for Bioaerosol Control -- Summary -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter-19 Industrial Workplaces, /B Crook and SA Olenchock -- Introduction -- Health Effects of Bioaerosols in the Workplace -- Microbial Infection -- Allergy to Airborne Microorganisms -- Allergy to Non-Microbial Airborne Materials -- Toxicosis -- Sources of Bioaerosols -- Agriculture /Food Production -- Factory /Industrial -- Biotechnology -- Bioaerosol Samplers Used in Industrial Workplaces -- Airborne Microorganisms -- Non-Microbial Bioaerosols -- Endotoxins -- Practical Considerations -- Sampling Strategies -- Sampler Positioning -- When to Sample -- Handling the Catch -- Summary -- References -- Chapter-20 Bioaerosols in Animal Houses, /CM Wathes -- Introduction -- Why?-The Reasons for Bioaerosol Sampling in Animal Houses7 -- What?-The Nature of Bioaerosols in Animal Houses -- Airborne Pathogens in Animal Houses -- Typical Constituents of Bioaerosols in Animal Houses -- How?-General Principles of Bioaerosol -- Sampling in Animal Houses -- Physical Processes Involved in Sampling Bioaerosols -- First Step-Take a Representative Sample -- Second Step-Transport the Sample to the Collector -- Third Step-Condition the Sample -- Fourth Step-Collect the Bioaerosol With a Sampler -- Choice of Bioaerosol Samplers for Use in Animal Houses -- Optical Particle Counters -- Impactors -- Impingers -- Filtration Samplers -- Calibration for Particle Size and Flow Rate and Other Good Practices -- Supplementary Information to Be Reported -- Where?-Location of Bioaerosol Samplers in Animal Houses -- Location and Number of Sampling Sites -- When?-Frequency of Bioaerosol Sampling in Animal Houses -- Dynamic Behavior of Bioaerosols -- Duration and Frequency of Sampling -- Who?-Students of Bioaerosols in Animal Houses -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter-21 Bioaerosols in the Residential Environment, /Harriet A Burge -- Relationships Between Human Diseases and -- Bioaerosols Indoors -- Infections -- Hypersensitivity -- Toxicoses -- Reservoirs, Amplifiers and Disseminators of Bioaerosols -- Outdoor Air -- Human Sources -- House Dust -- Other Substrates for Fungi -- Water Reservoirs and Other Sites for Bacteria -- Pets and Pests -- Sampling -- Collecting a Valid Sample -- Sample Analysis -- Data Analysis and Interpretation -- Prevention and Remediation -- Prevention of Intrusion -- Control of Potential Reservoirs -- Remediation -- Summary -- References -- Index.