Hydrostatic Transmissions and Actuators

Preface xiii
Acknowledgements xvii
About the Companion Website xix
1 Introduction to Power Transmission 1
1.1 Transmission Ratio 1
1.2 Mechanical Transmissions 4
1.3 Hydraulic Transmissions 15
1.4 Hydrostatic Transmissions 19
1.5 Hydromechanical Power-Split Transmissions 40
1.6 Mechanical and Hydrostatic Actuators 51
Exercises 56
References 57
2 Fundamentals of Fluid Flows in Hydrostatic Transmissions 59
2.1 Fluid Properties 59
Exercises 94
References 96
3 Hydrostatic Pumps and Motors 98
3.1 Hydrostatic and Hydrodynamic Pumps and Motors 98
3.2 Hydrostatic Machine Output 102
3.3 Hydrostatic Pump and Motor Types 117
3.4 Energy Losses at Steady-State Operation 135
3.5 Modelling Pump and Motor Efficiencies 141
Exercises 162
References 164
4 Basic Hydrostatic Transmission Design 166
4.1 General Considerations 166
4.2 Hydrostatic Transmission Efficiency 168
4.3 Transmission Output 183
4.4 Steady-State Design Applications 184
4.5 External Leakages and Charge Circuit 198
4.6 Heat Losses and Cooling 201
Exercises 204
References 205
5 Dynamic Analysis of Hydrostatic Transmissions 207
5.1 Introduction 207
5.2 Modelling and Simulation 219
Exercises 240
References 241
6 Hydrostatic Actuators 243
6.1 Introductory Concepts 243
6.2 Hydrostatic Actuator Circuits 247
6.3 Common Pressure Rail and Hydraulic Transformers 275
Exercises 281
References 282
7 Dynamic Analysis of Hydrostatic Actuators 283
7.1 Introduction 283
7.2 Mathematical Model 284
7.3 Case Study 298
Exercises 304
References 306
8 Practical Applications 307
8.1 Infinitely Variable Transmissions in Vehicles 307
8.2 Heavy Mobile Equipment 310
8.3 Hybrid Vehicles 313
8.4 Wind Turbines 323
8.5 Wave Energy Extraction 331
8.6 Aeronautical Applications 333
References 336
Appendix A Hydraulic Symbols 339
Appendix B Mathematics Review 345
B.1 The Nabla Operator ( nabla) 345
B.2 Ordinary Differential Equations (ODEs) 346
References 360
Appendix C Fluid Dynamic Equations 361
C.1 Introduction 361
C.2 Fluid Stresses and Distortion Rates 363
C.3 Differential Fluid Dynamics Equations 365
C.4 Control Volume Analysis 371
References 378
Index 379