Colloid Science

Name: Colloid Science | Principles, Methods and Applications
Brand: Wiley-Blackwell
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Principles, Methods and Applications

Terence Cosgrove(Herausgeber*in)

Wiley-Blackwell (Verlag)

2. Auflage

Erschienen am 29. Januar 2010

394 Seiten

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Inhalt

Colloid Science Principles, methods and applications
Contents
Preface
Introduction
Acknowledgements
List of Contributors
1 An Introduction to Colloids
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Basic Definitions
1.2.1 Concentration
1.2.2 Interfacial Area
1.2.3 Effective Concentrations
1.2.4 Average Separation
1.3 Stability
1.3.1 Quiescent Systems
1.3.2 Sedimentation or Creaming
1.3.3 Shearing Flows
1.3.4 Other Forms of Instability
1.4 Colloid Frontiers
References
2 Charge in Colloidal Systems
2.1 Introduction
2.2 The Origin of Surface Charge
2.2.1 Ionisation of Surface Groups
2.2.2 Ion Adsorption
2.2.3 Dissolution of Ionic Solids
2.2.4 Isomorphous Substitution
2.2.5 Potential Determining Ions
2.3 The Electrochemical Double Layer
2.3.1 The Stern-Gouy-Chapman (SGC) Model of the Double Layer
2.3.2 The Double Layer at the Hg/Electrolyte Interface
2.3.3 Specific Adsorption
2.3.4 Interparticle Forces
2.4 Electrokinetic Properties
2.4.1 Electrolyte Flow
2.4.2 Streaming Potential Measurements
2.4.3 Electro-osmosis
2.4.4 Electrophoresis
2.4.5 Electroacoustic Technique
References
3 Stability of Charge-stabilised Colloids
3.1 Introduction
3.2 The Colloidal Pair Potential
3.2.1 Attractive Forces
3.2.2 Electrostatic Repulsion
3.2.3 Effect of Particle Concentration
3.2.4 Total Potential
3.3 Criteria for Stability
3.3.1 Salt Concentration
3.3.2 Counter-ion Valency
3.3.3 Zeta Potential
3.3.4 Particle Size
3.4 Kinetics of Coagulation
3.4.1 Diffusion-limited Rapid Coagulation
3.4.2 Interaction-limited Coagulation
3.4.3 Experimental Determination of c.c.c.
3.5 Conclusions
References
4 Surfactant Aggregation and Adsorption at Interfaces
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Characteristic Features of Surfactants
4.3 Classification and Applications of Surfactants
4.3.1 Types of Surfactants
4.3.2 Surfactant Uses and Development
4.4 Adsorption of Surfactants at Interfaces
4.4.1 Surface Tension and Surface Activity
4.4.2 Surface Excess and Thermodynamics of Adsorption
4.4.3 Efficiency and Effectiveness of Surfactant Adsorption
4.5 Surfactant Solubility
4.5.1 The Krafft Temperature
4.5.2 The Cloud Point
4.6 Micellisation
4.6.1 Thermodynamics of Micellisation
4.6.2 Factors Affecting the CMC
4.6.3 Structure of Micelles and Molecular Packing
4.7 Liquid Crystalline Mesophases
4.7.1 Definition
4.7.2 Structures
4.7.3 Phase Diagrams
4.8 Advanced Surfactants
References
5 Microemulsions
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Microemulsions: Definition and History
5.3 Theory of Formation and Stability
5.3.1 Interfacial Tension in Microemulsions
5.3.2 Kinetic Instability
5.4 Physicochemical Properties
5.4.1 Predicting Microemulsion Type
5.4.2 Surfactant Film Properties
5.4.3 Phase Behaviour
5.5 Developments and Applications Temperature
5.5.1 Microemulsions with Green and Novel Solvents
5.5.2 Microemulsions as Reaction Media for Nanoparticles
References
6 Emulsions
6.1 Introduction
6.1.1 Definitions of Emulsion Type
6.1.2 Novel Features of Emulsion Systems, Compared to Solid/Liquid Dispersions
6.2 Preparation
6.2.1 Comminution - Batch
6.2.2 Comminution - Continuous
6.2.3 Nucleation and Growth
6.3 Stability
6.3.1 Introduction
6.3.2 Sedimentation and Creaming
6.3.3 Aggregation
6.3.4 Coalescence
6.3.5 Ostwald Ripening
6.3.6 Phase Inversion
References
7 Polymers and Polymer Solutions
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Polymerisation
7.2.1 Condensation
7.2.2 Free Radical
7.2.3 Ionic Methods
7.3 Copolymers
7.4 Polymer Physical Properties
7.4.1 Entanglements
7.5 Polymer Uses
7.6 Theoretical Models of Polymer Structure
7.6.1 Radius of Gyration
7.6.2 Worm-like Chains
7.6.3 Radius of Gyration in Ideal Solution
7.6.4 Excluded Volume
7.6.5 Scaling Theory: Blobs
7.6.6 Polyelectrolytes
7.7 Measuring Polymer Molecular Weight
7.8 Flory Huggins Theory
7.8.1 Polymer Solutions
7.8.2 Polymer Melts
7.8.3 Copolymers
References
8 Polymers at Interfaces
8.1 Introduction
8.1.1 Steric Stability
8.1.2 The Size and Shape of Polymers in Solution
8.1.3 Adsorption of Small Molecules
8.2 Adsorption of Polymers
8.2.1 Configurational Entropy
8.2.2 The Flory Surface Parameter ws
8.3 Models and Simulations for Terminally Attached Chains
8.3.1 Atomistic Modelling
8.3.2 Exact Enumeration: Terminally Attached Chains
8.3.3 Approximate Methods: Terminally Attached Chains
8.3.4 Scaling Models for Terminally Attached Chains (Brushes)
8.3.5 Physically Adsorbed Chains: Scheutjens and Fleer Theory
8.3.6 Scaling Theory for Physical Adsorption
8.4 Experimental Aspects
8.4.1 Volume Fraction Profiles
8.4.2 Adsorption Isotherms
8.4.3 The Bound Fraction
8.4.4 The Layer Thickness
8.5 Copolymers
8.5.1 Liquid/Liquid Interfaces
8.6 Polymer Brushes
8.7 Conclusions
References
9 Effect of Polymers on Colloid Stability
9.1 Introduction
9.1.1 Colloid Stability
9.1.2 Limitations of Charge Stabilisation
9.1.3 Effect of Polymers on Interactions
9.2 Particle Interaction Potential
9.2.1 Measuring Surface Forces
9.3 Steric Stabilisation
9.3.1 Theory
9.3.2 Steric Stabiliser Design
9.3.3 Marginal Solvents
9.4 Depletion Interactions
9.5 Bridging Interactions
9.6 Conclusion
References
10 Wetting of Surfaces
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Surfaces and Definitions
10.3 Surface Tension
10.4 Surface Energy
10.5 Contact Angles
10.6 Wetting
10.7 Liquid Spreading and Spreading Coefficients
10.8 Cohesion and Adhesion
10.9 Two Liquids on a Surface
10.10 Detergency
10.11 Spreading of a Liquid on a Liquid
10.12 Characterisation of a Solid Surface
10.13 Polar and Dispersive Components
10.14 Polar Materials
10.15 Wettability Envelopes
10.16 Measurement Methods
10.17 Conclusions
References
11 Aerosols
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Generating and Sampling Aerosols
11.2.1 Generating Aerosols
11.2.2 Sampling Aerosol
11.3 Determining the Particle Concentration and Size
11.3.1 Determining the Number Concentration
11.3.2 Determining the Mass Concentration
11.3.3 Determining Particle Size
11.4 Determining Particle Composition
11.4.1 Off-line Analysis
11.4.2 Real-time Analysis
11.5 The Equilibrium State of Aerosols
11.5.1 Deliquescence and Efflorescence
11.5.2 K?ohler Theory
11.5.3 Measurements of Hygroscopic Growth
11.5.4 Other Phases
11.6 The Kinetics of Aerosol Transformation
11.6.1 Steady and Unsteady Mass and Heat Transfer
11.6.2 Uptake of Trace Species and Heterogeneous Chemistry
11.7 Concluding Remarks
References
12 Practical Rheology
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Making Measurements
12.2.1 Definitions
12.2.2 Designing an Experiment
12.2.3 Geometries
12.2.4 Viscometry
12.2.5 Shear Thinning and Thickening Behaviour
12.3 Rheometry and Viscoelasticity
12.3.1 Viscoelasticity and Deborah Number
12.3.2 Oscillation and Linearity
12.3.3 Creep Compliance
12.3.4 Liquid and Solid Behaviour
12.3.5 Sedimentation and Storage Stability
12.4 Examples of Soft Materials
12.4.1 Simple Particles and Polymers
12.4.2 Networks and Functionalisation
12.4.3 Polymeric Additives
12.4.4 Particle Additives
12.5 Summary
References
13 Scattering and Reflection Techniques
13.1 Introduction
13.2 The Principle of a Scattering Experiment
13.3 Radiation for Scattering Experiments
13.4 Light Scattering
13.5 Dynamic Light Scattering
13.6 Small Angle Scattering
13.7 Sources of Radiation
13.8 Small Angle Scattering Apparatus
13.9 Scattering and Absorption by Atoms
13.10 Scattering Length Density
13.11 Small Angle Scattering from a Dispersion
13.12 Form Factor for Spherical Particles
13.13 Determining Particle Size from SANS and SAXS
13.14 Guinier Plots to Determine Radius of Gyration
13.15 Determination of Particle Shape
13.16 Polydispersity
13.17 Determination of Particle Size Distribution
13.18 Alignment of Anisotropic Particles
13.19 Concentrated Dispersions
13.20 Contrast Variation using SANS
13.21 High Q Limit: Porod Law
13.22 Introduction to X-ray and Neutron Reflection
13.23 Reflection Experiment
13.24 A Simple Example of a Reflection Measurement
13.25 Conclusion
References
14 Optical Manipulation
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Manipulating Matter with Light
14.3 Force Generation in Optical Tweezers
14.4 Nanofabrication
14.5 Single Particle Dynamics
14.5.1 Measuring Nanometer Displacements
14.5.2 Brownian Fluctuations in an Optical Trap
14.5.3 Dynamical Complexity in Colloidal Gels
14.6 Conclusions
References
15 Electron Microscopy
15.1 General Features of (Electron) Optical Imaging Systems
15.2 Conventional TEM
15.2.1 Background
15.2.2 Practical Aspects
15.2.3 Polymer Latex Particles
15.2.4 Core/Shell Particles
15.2.5 Internal Structure
15.3 Conventional SEM
15.3.1 Background
15.3.2 Types of Signal
15.3.3 Practical Aspects
15.4 Summary
References
16 Surface Forces
16.1 Introduction
16.1.1 Intermolecular Forces
16.1.2 From Intermolecular Forces to Surface Forces
16.1.3 Why Measure Surface Forces?
16.2 Forces and Energy
Size and Shape
16.2.1 Pressure, Force and Energy
16.2.2 The Derjaguin Approximation
16.3 Surface Force Measurement Techniques
16.3.1 Optical Tweezers
16.3.2 Total Internal Reflection Microscopy (TIRM)
16.3.3 Atomic Force Microscope (AFM)
16.3.4 Surface Force Apparatus (SFA)
16.3.5 Other Techniques
16.4 Different Types of Surface Forces
16.4.1 van der Waals Forces
16.4.2 Electric Double Layer Forces in a Polar Liquid
16.4.3 The DLVO Theory
16.4.4 Non-DLVO Forces
16.4.5 Neutral Polymer-mediated Surface Forces
16.4.6 Surface Forces in Surfactant Solutions
16.5 Recent Examples of Surface Force Measurement
16.5.1 Counter-Ion Only (CIO) Electric Double Layer Interactions in a Non-Polar Liquid
16.5.2 Interactions between Surface-grown Biomimetic Polymer Brushes in Aqueous Media
16.5.3 Boundary Lubrication Under Water
16.6 Future Challenges
References
Index

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