Switching, Routing, and Wireless Essentials Companion Guide (CCNAv7)

Introduction xxvii
Chapter 1 Basic Device Configuration 1
Objectives 1
Key Terms 1
Introduction (1.0) 2
Configure a Switch with Initial Settings (1.1) 2
Switch Boot Sequence (1.1.1) 2
The boot system Command (1.1.2) 3
Switch LED Indicators (1.1.3) 3
Recovering from a System Crash (1.1.4) 6
Switch Management Access (1.1.5) 8
Switch SVI Configuration Example (1.1.6) 8
Configure Switch Ports (1.2) 11
Duplex Communication (1.2.1) 11
Configure Switch Ports at the Physical Layer (1.2.2) 12
Auto-MDIX (1.2.3) 13
Switch Verification Commands (1.2.4) 14
Verify Switch Port Configuration (1.2.5) 14
Network Access Layer Issues (1.2.6) 15
Interface Input and Output Errors (1.2.7) 17
Troubleshooting Network Access Layer Issues (1.2.8) 18
Secure Remote Access (1.3) 20
Telnet Operation (1.3.1) 20
SSH Operation (1.3.2) 20
Verify the Switch Supports SSH (1.3.3) 22
Configure SSH (1.3.4) 22
Verify SSH Is Operational (1.3.5) 24
Basic Router Configuration (1.4) 25
Configure Basic Router Settings (1.4.1) 26
Dual Stack Topology (1.4.3) 27
Configure Router Interfaces (1.4.4) 27
IPv4 Loopback Interfaces (1.4.6) 28
Verify Directly Connected Networks (1.5) 29
Interface Verification Commands (1.5.1) 30
Verify Interface Status (1.5.2) 30
Verify IPv6 Link Local and Multicast Addresses (1.5.3) 31
Verify Interface Configuration (1.5.4) 32
Verify Routes (1.5.5) 32
Filter Show Command Output (1.5.6) 34
The section Filter 34
The include Filter 34
The exclude Filter 35
The begin Filter 35
Command History Feature (1.5.8) 36
Summary (1.6) 38
Configure a Switch with Initial Settings 38
Configure Switch Ports 38
Secure Remote Access 38
Basic Router Configuration 39
Verify Directly Connected Networks 39
Practice 40
Check Your Understanding Questions 41
Chapter 2 Switching Concepts 45
Objectives 45
Key Terms 45
Introduction (2.0) 46
Frame Forwarding (2.1) 46
Switching in Networking (2.1.1) 46
The Switch MAC Address Table (2.1.2) 47
The Switch Learn and Forward Method (2.1.3) 48
Switching Forwarding Methods (2.1.5) 48
Store-and-Forward Switching (2.1.6) 49
Cut-Through Switching (2.1.7) 49
Collision and Broadcast Domains (2.2) 51
Collision Domains (2.2.1) 51
Broadcast Domains (2.2.2) 52
Alleviate Network Congestion (2.2.3) 53
Summary (2.3) 55
Frame Forwarding 55
Switching Domains 55
Check Your Understanding Questions 56
Chapter 3 VLANs 59
Objectives 59
Key Terms 59
Introduction (3.0) 60
Overview of VLANs (3.1) 60
VLAN Definitions (3.1.1) 60
Benefits of a VLAN Design (3.1.2) 61
Types of VLANs (3.1.3) 63
Default VLAN 63
Data VLAN 64
Native VLAN 64
Management VLAN 64
Voice VLAN 65
VLANs in a Multi-Switched Environment (3.2) 66
Defining VLAN Trunks (3.2.1) 66
Network Without VLANs (3.2.2) 67
Network with VLANs (3.2.3) 68
VLAN Identification with a Tag (3.2.4) 69
VLAN Tag Field Details 69
Native VLANs and 802.1Q Tagging (3.2.5) 70
Tagged Frames on the Native VLAN 70
Untagged Frames on the Native VLAN 70
Voice VLAN Tagging (3.2.6) 71
Voice VLAN Verification Example (3.2.7) 72
VLAN Configuration (3.3) 73
VLAN Ranges on Catalyst Switches (3.3.1) 73
Normal Range VLANs 74
Extended Range VLANs 74
VLAN Creation Commands (3.3.2) 75
VLAN Creation Example (3.3.3) 75
VLAN Port Assignment Commands (3.3.4) 76
VLAN Port Assignment Example (3.3.5) 77
Data and Voice VLANs (3.3.6) 78
Data and Voice VLAN Example (3.3.7) 78
Verify VLAN Information (3.3.8) 79
Change VLAN Port Membership (3.3.9) 81
Delete VLANs (3.3.10) 82
VLAN Trunks (3.4) 83
Trunk Configuration Commands (3.4.1) 83
Trunk Configuration Example (3.4.2) 83
Verify Trunk Configuration (3.4.3) 85
Reset the Trunk to the Default State (3.4.4) 86
Dynamic Trunking Protocol (3.5) 87
Introduction to DTP (3.5.1) 88
Negotiated Interface Modes (3.5.2) 89
Results of a DTP Configuration (3.5.3) 89
Verify DTP Mode (3.5.4) 90
Summary (3.6) 92
Overview of VLANs 92
VLANs in a Multi-Switched Environment 92
VLAN Configuration 92
VLAN Trunks 93
Dynamic Trunking Protocol 93
Practice 93
Check Your Understanding Questions 94
Chapter 4 Inter-VLAN Routing 97
Objectives 97
Key Terms 97
Introduction (4.0) 98
Inter-VLAN Routing Operation (4.1) 98
What Is Inter-VLAN Routing? (4.1.1) 98
Legacy Inter-VLAN Routing (4.1.2) 98
Router-on-a-Stick Inter-VLAN Routing (4.1.3) 100
Inter-VLAN Routing on a Layer 3 Switch (4.1.4) 102
Router-on-a-Stick Inter-VLAN Routing (4.2) 103
Router-on-a-Stick Scenario (4.2.1) 103
S1 VLAN and Trunking Configuration (4.2.2) 105
S2 VLAN and Trunking Configuration (4.2.3) 106
R1 Subinterface Configuration (4.2.4) 107
Verify Connectivity Between PC1 and PC2 (4.2.5) 108
Router-on-a-Stick Inter-VLAN Routing Verification (4.2.6) 110
Inter-VLAN Routing using Layer 3 Switches (4.3) 112
Layer 3 Switch Inter-VLAN Routing (4.3.1) 112
Layer 3 Switch Scenario (4.3.2) 113
Layer 3 Switch Configuration (4.3.3) 114
Layer 3 Switch Inter-VLAN Routing Verification (4.3.4) 115
Routing on a Layer 3 Switch (4.3.5) 116
Routing Scenario on a Layer 3 Switch (4.3.6) 116
Routing Configuration on a Layer 3 Switch (4.3.7) 117
Troubleshoot Inter-VLAN Routing (4.4) 119
Common Inter-VLAN Issues (4.4.1) 119
Troubleshoot Inter-VLAN Routing Scenario (4.4.2) 120
Missing VLANs (4.4.3) 121
Switch Trunk Port Issues (4.4.4) 124
Switch Access Port Issues (4.4.5) 125
Router Configuration Issues (4.4.6) 127
Summary (4.5) 130
Inter-VLAN Routing Operation 130
Router-on-a-Stick Inter-VLAN Routing 130
Inter-VLAN Routing Using Layer 3 Switches 130
Troubleshoot Inter-VLAN Routing 131
Practice 132
Check Your Understanding Questions 132
Chapter 5 STP Concepts 137
Objectives 137
Key Terms 137
Introduction (5.0) 139
Purpose of STP (5.1) 139
Redundancy in Layer 2 Switched Networks (5.1.1) 139
Spanning Tree Protocol (5.1.2) 140
STP Recalculation (5.1.3) 141
Issues with Redundant Switch Links (5.1.4) 141
Layer 2 Loops (5.1.5) 142
Broadcast Storm (5.1.6) 143
The Spanning Tree Algorithm (5.1.7) 145
STP Operations (5.2) 148
Steps to a Loop-Free Topology (5.2.1) 148
Bridge Priority 149
Extended System ID 149
MAC address 150
1. Elect the Root Bridge (5.2.2) 150
Impact of Default BIDs (5.2.3) 151
Determine the Root Path Cost (5.2.4) 152
2. Elect the Root Ports (5.2.5) 152
3. Elect Designated Ports (5.2.6) 153
4. Elect Alternate (Blocked) Ports (5.2.7) 156
Elect a Root Port from Multiple Equal-Cost Paths (5.2.8) 156
1. Lowest Sender BID 157
2. Lowest Sender Port Priority 157
3. Lowest Sender Port ID 158
STP Timers and Port States (5.2.9) 158
Operational Details of Each Port State (5.2.10) 160
Per-VLAN Spanning Tree (5.2.11) 160
Evolution of STP (5.3) 161
Different Versions of STP (5.3.1) 161
RSTP Concepts (5.3.2) 162
RSTP Port States and Port Roles (5.3.3) 163
STP and RSTP Port States 163
PortFast and BPDU Guard (5.3.4) 165
Alternatives to STP (5.3.5) 166
Summary (5.4) 169
Purpose of STP 169
STP Operations 169
Evolution of STP 170
Practice 171
Check Your Understanding Questions 171
Chapter 6 EtherChannel 175
Objectives 175
Key Terms 175
Introduction (6.0) 176
EtherChannel Operation (6.1) 176
Link Aggregation (6.1.1) 176
EtherChannel (6.1.2) 177
Advantages of EtherChannel (6.1.3) 177
Implementation Restrictions (6.1.4) 178
AutoNegotiation Protocols (6.1.5) 179
PAgP Operation (6.1.6) 180
PAgP Mode Settings Example (6.1.7) 181
LACP Operation (6.1.8) 181
LACP Mode Settings Example (6.1.9) 182
Configure EtherChannel (6.2) 183
Configuration Guidelines (6.2.1) 183
LACP Configuration Example (6.2.2) 185
Verify and Troubleshoot EtherChannel (6.3) 186
Verify EtherChannel (6.3.1) 186
Common Issues with EtherChannel Configurations (6.3.2) 188
Troubleshoot EtherChannel Example (6.3.3) 189
Summary (6.4) 193
EtherChannel Operation 193
Configure EtherChannel 193
Verify and Troubleshoot EtherChannel 194
Practice 195
Check Your Understanding Questions 195
Chapter 7 DHCPv4 199
Objectives 199
Key Terms 199
Introduction (7.0) 200
DHCPv4 Concepts (7.1) 200
DHCPv4 Server and Client (7.1.1) 200
DHCPv4 Operation (7.1.2) 201
Steps to Obtain a Lease (7.1.3) 201
Steps to Renew a Lease (7.1.4) 203
Configure a Cisco IOS DHCPv4 Server (7.2) 204
Cisco IOS DHCPv4 Server (7.2.1) 204
Steps to Configure a Cisco IOS DHCPv4 Server (7.2.2) 205
Configuration Example (7.2.3) 206
DHCPv4 Verification Commands (7.2.4) 207
Verify DHCPv4 is Operational (7.2.5) 207
Verify the DHCPv4 Configuration 207
Verify DHCPv4 Bindings 208
Verify DHCPv4 Statistics 208
Verify DHCPv4 Client Received IPv4 Addressing 209
Disable the Cisco IOS DHCPv4 Server (7.2.7) 210
DHCPv4 Relay (7.2.8) 210
The ipconfig /release Command 211
The ipconfig /renew Command 211
The ip helper-address Command 212
The show ip interface Command 212
The ipconfig /all Command 213
Other Service Broadcasts Relayed (7.2.9) 213
Configure a DHCPv4 Client (7.3) 214
Cisco Router as a DHCPv4 Client (7.3.1) 214
Configuration Example (7.3.2) 214
Home Router as a DHCPv4 Client (7.3.3) 215
Summary (7.4) 216
DHCPv4 Concepts 216
Configure a Cisco IOS DHCPv4 Server 216
Configure a DHCPv4 Client 217
Practice 218
Check Your Understanding Questions 218
Chapter 8 SLAAC and DHCPv6 223
Objectives 223
Key Terms 223
Introduction (8.0) 224
IPv6 GUA Assignment (8.1) 224
IPv6 Host Configuration (8.1.1) 224
IPv6 Host Link-Local Address (8.1.2) 224
IPv6 GUA Assignment (8.1.3) 226
Three RA Message Flags (8.1.4) 226
SLAAC (8.2) 228
SLAAC Overview (8.2.1) 228
Enabling SLAAC (8.2.2) 229
Verify IPv6 Addresses 229
Enable IPv6 Routing 230
Verify SLAAC Is Enabled 230
SLAAC Only Method (8.2.3) 231
ICMPv6 RS Messages (8.2.4) 232
Host Process to Generate Interface ID (8.2.5) 233
Duplicate Address Detection (8.2.6) 234
DHCPv6 (8.3) 234
DHCPv6 Operation Steps (8.3.1) 234
Stateless DHCPv6 Operation (8.3.2) 236
Enable Stateless DHCPv6 on an Interface (8.3.3) 237
Stateful DHCPv6 Operation (8.3.4) 238
Enable Stateful DHCPv6 on an Interface (8.3.5) 239
Configure DHCPv6 Server (8.4) 240
DHCPv6 Router Roles (8.4.1) 240
Configure a Stateless DHCPv6 Server (8.4.2) 240
Configure a Stateless DHCPv6 Client (8.4.3) 243
Configure a Stateful DHCPv6 Server (8.4.4) 245
Configure a Stateful DHCPv6 Client (8.4.5) 248
DHCPv6 Server Verification Commands (8.4.6) 250
Configure a DHCPv6 Relay Agent (8.4.7) 252
Verify the DHCPv6 Relay Agent (8.4.8) 252
Summary 255
IPv6 GUA Assignment 255
SLAAC 255
DHCPv6 256
Configure DHCPv6 Server 256
Practice 257
Check Your Understanding Questions 257
Chapter 9 FHRP Concepts 261
Objectives 261
Key Terms 261
Introduction (9.0) 262
First Hop Redundancy Protocols (9.1) 262
Default Gateway Limitations (9.1.1) 262
Router Redundancy (9.1.2) 264
Steps for Router Failover (9.1.3) 265
FHRP Options (9.1.4) 266
HSRP (9.2) 267
HSRP Overview (9.2.1) 267
HSRP Priority and Preemption (9.2.2) 268
HSRP Priority 268
HSRP Preemption 268
HSRP States and Timers (9.2.3) 269
Summary (9.3) 271
First Hop Redundancy Protocols 271
HSRP 271
Practice 272
Check Your Understanding Questions 272
Chapter 10 LAN Security Concepts 275
Objectives 275
Key Terms 275
Introduction (10.0) 277
Endpoint Security (10.1) 277
Network Attacks Today (10.1.1) 277
Network Security Devices (10.1.2) 278
Endpoint Protection (10.1.3) 278
Cisco Email Security Appliance (10.1.4) 279
Cisco Web Security Appliance (10.1.5) 280
Access Control (10.2) 281
Authentication with a Local Password (10.2.1) 281
AAA Components (10.2.2) 283
Authentication (10.2.3) 283
Local AAA Authentication 284
Server-Based AAA Authentication 284
Authorization (10.2.4) 285
Accounting (10.2.5) 285
802.1X (10.2.6) 286
Layer 2 Security Threats (10.3) 287
Layer 2 Vulnerabilities (10.3.1) 287
Switch Attack Categories (10.3.2) 288
Switch Attack Mitigation Techniques (10.3.3) 289
MAC Address Table Attack (10.4) 290
Switch Operation Review (10.4.1) 290
MAC Address Table Flooding (10.4.2) 290
MAC Address Table Attack Mitigation (10.4.3) 291
LAN Attacks (10.5) 292
VLAN Hopping Attacks (10.5.2) 293
VLAN Double-Tagging Attack (10.5.3) 293
VLAN Attack Mitigation 295
DHCP Messages (10.5.4) 296
DHCP Attacks (10.5.5) 296
DHCP Starvation Attack 296
DHCP Spoofing Attack 297
ARP Attacks (10.5.7) 300
Address Spoofing Attack (10.5.8) 303
STP Attack (10.5.9) 303
CDP Reconnaissance (10.5.10) 305
Summary (10.6) 307
Practice 308
Check Your Understanding Questions 309
Chapter 11 Switch Security Configuration 313
Objectives 313
Key Terms 313
Introduction (11.0) 314
Implement Port Security (11.1) 314
Secure Unused Ports (11.1.1) 314
Mitigate MAC Address Table Attacks (11.1.2) 315
Enable Port Security (11.1.3) 316
Limit and Learn MAC Addresses (11.1.4) 317
Port Security Aging (11.1.5) 319
Port Security Violation Modes (11.1.6) 321
Ports in error-disabled State (11.1.7) 322
Verify Port Security (11.1.8) 324
Port Security for All Interfaces 325
Port Security for a Specific Interface 325
Verify Learned MAC Addresses 326
Verify Secure MAC Addresses 326
Mitigate VLAN Attacks (11.2) 327
VLAN Attacks Review (11.2.1) 327
Steps to Mitigate VLAN Hopping Attacks (11.2.2) 327
Mitigate DHCP Attacks (11.3) 329
DHCP Attack Review (11.3.1) 329
DHCP Snooping (11.3.2) 329
Steps to Implement DHCP Snooping (11.3.3) 330
DHCP Snooping Configuration Example (11.3.4) 331
Mitigate ARP Attacks (11.4) 332
Dynamic ARP Inspection (11.4.1) 333
DAI Implementation Guidelines (11.4.2) 333
DAI Configuration Example (11.4.3) 333
Mitigate STP Attacks (11.5) 335
PortFast and BPDU Guard (11.5.1) 335
Configure PortFast (11.5.2) 336
Configure BPDU Guard (11.5.3) 338
Summary (11.6) 340
Practice 342
Check Your Understanding Questions 343
Chapter 12 WLAN Concepts 347
Objectives 347
Key Terms 347
Introduction (12.0) 349
Introduction to Wireless (12.1) 349
Benefits of Wireless (12.1.1) 349
Types of Wireless Networks (12.1.2) 349
Wireless Technologies (12.1.3) 350
802.11 Standards (12.1.4) 353
Radio Frequencies (12.1.5) 354
Wireless Standards Organizations (12.1.6) 355
WLAN Components (12.2) 356
Wireless NICs (12.2.2) 356
Wireless Home Router (12.2.3) 357
Wireless Access Points (12.2.4) 358
AP Categories (12.2.5) 358
Autonomous APs 359
Controller-Based APs 359
Wireless Antennas (12.2.6) 360
WLAN Operation (12.3) 362
802.11 Wireless Topology Modes (12.3.2) 362
BSS and ESS (12.3.3) 364
Basic Service Set 364
Extended Service Set 365
802.11 Frame Structure (12.3.4) 365
CSMA/CA (12.3.5) 367
Wireless Client and AP Association (12.3.6) 367
Passive and Active Discover Mode (12.3.7) 368
Passive Mode 368
Active Mode 369
CAPWAP Operation (12.4) 370
Introduction to CAPWAP (12.4.2) 370
Split MAC Architecture (12.4.3) 371
DTLS Encryption (12.4.4) 372
FlexConnect APs (12.4.5) 372
Channel Management (12.5) 373
Frequency Channel Saturation (12.5.1) 373
Channel Selection (12.5.2) 375
Plan a WLAN Deployment (12.5.3) 377
WLAN Threats (12.6) 379
Wireless Security Overview (12.6.2) 379
DoS Attacks (12.6.3) 380
Rogue Access Points (12.6.4) 381
Man-in-the-Middle Attack (12.6.5) 381
Secure WLANs (12.7) 383
SSID Cloaking and MAC Address Filtering (12.7.2) 383
SSID Cloaking 383
MAC Addresses Filtering 384
802.11 Original Authentication Methods (12.7.3) 385
Shared Key Authentication Methods (12.7.4) 385
Authenticating a Home User (12.7.5) 386
Encryption Methods (12.7.6) 387
Authentication in the Enterprise (12.7.7) 388
WPA3 (12.7.8) 389
WPA3-Personal 389
WPA3-Enterprise 390
Open Networks 390
IoT Onboarding 390
Summary (12.8) 391
Practice 392
Check Your Understanding Questions 392
Chapter 13 WLAN Configuration 397
Objectives 397
Key Terms 397
Introduction (13.0) 398
Remote Site WLAN Configuration (13.1) 398
The Wireless Router (13.1.2) 398
Log in to the Wireless Router (13.1.3) 399
Basic Network Setup (13.1.4) 401
Basic Wireless Setup (13.1.5) 404
Configure a Wireless Mesh Network (13.1.6) 408
NAT for IPv4 (13.1.7) 408
Quality of Service (13.1.8) 410
Port Forwarding (13.1.9) 410
Configure a Basic WLAN on the WLC (13.2) 412
WLC Topology (13.2.2) 412
Log in to the WLC (13.2.3) 414
View AP Information (13.2.4) 415
Advanced Settings (13.2.5) 416
Configure a WLAN (13.2.6) 416
Configure a WPA2 Enterprise WLAN on the WLC (13.3) 421
SNMP and RADIUS (13.3.2) 421
Configure SNMP Server Information (13.3.3) 421
Configure RADIUS Server Information (13.3.4) 423
Topology with VLAN 5 Addressing (13.3.6) 424
Configure a New Interface (13.3.7) 425
Configure a DHCP Scope (13.3.9) 428
Configure a WPA2 Enterprise WLAN (13.3.11) 430
Troubleshoot WLAN Issues (13.4) 433
Troubleshooting Approaches (13.4.1) 433
Wireless Client Not Connecting (13.4.2) 435
Troubleshooting When the Network Is Slow (13.4.3) 436
Updating Firmware (13.4.4) 438
Summary (13.5) 440
Practice 441
Check Your Understanding Questions 441
Chapter 14 Routing Concepts 445
Objectives 445
Key Terms 445
Introduction (14.0) 447
Path Determination (14.1) 447
Two Functions of Router (14.1.1) 447
Router Functions Example (14.1.2) 447
Best Path Equals Longest Match (14.1.3) 448
IPv4 Address Longest Match Example (14.1.4) 449
IPv6 Address Longest Match Example (14.1.5) 449
Build the Routing Table (14.1.6) 450
Directly Connected Networks 450
Remote Networks 450
Default Route 451
Packet Forwarding (14.2) 451
Packet Forwarding Decision Process (14.2.1) 451
Forwards the Packet to a Device on a Directly Connected Network 452
Forwards the Packet to a Next-Hop Router 453
Drops the Packet-No Match in Routing Table 453
End-to-End Packet Forwarding (14.2.2) 453
PC1 Sends Packet to PC2 453
R1 Forwards the Packet to PC2 454
R2 Forwards the Packet to R3 455
R3 Forwards the Packet to PC2 455
Packet Forwarding Mechanisms (14.2.3) 455
Process Switching 456
Fast Switching 456
Cisco Express Forwarding (CEF) 458
Basic Router Configuration Review (14.3) 459
Topology (14.3.1) 459
Configuration Commands (14.3.2) 459
Verification Commands (14.3.3) 461
Filter Command Output (14.3.4) 466
IP Routing Table (14.4) 467
Route Sources (14.4.1) 467
Routing Table Principles (14.4.2) 469
Routing Table Entries (14.4.3) 469
Directly Connected Networks (14.4.4) 470
Static Routes (14.4.5) 471
Static Routes in the IP Routing Table (14.4.6) 472
Dynamic Routing Protocols (14.4.7) 474
Default Route (14.4.9) 475
Structure of an IPv4 Routing Table (14.4.10) 477
Structure of an IPv6 Routing Table (14.4.11) 478
Administrative Distance (14.4.12) 479
Static and Dynamic Routing (14.5) 480
Static or Dynamic? (14.5.1) 480
Static Routes 481
Dynamic Routing Protocols 481
Dynamic Routing Evolution (14.5.2) 482
Dynamic Routing Protocol Concepts (14.5.3) 483
Best Path (14.5.4) 484
Load Balancing (14.5.5) 485
Summary (14.6) 488
Path Determination 488
Packet Forwarding 488
Basic Router Configuration Review 488
IP Routing Table 489
Static and Dynamic Routing 490
Practice 491
Check Your Understanding Questions 491
Chapter 15 IP Static Routing 495
Objectives 495
Key Terms 495
Introduction (15.0) 496
Static Routes (15.1) 496
Types of Static Routes (15.1.1) 496
Next-Hop Options (15.1.2) 497
IPv4 Static Route Command (15.1.3) 497
IPv6 Static Route Command (15.1.4) 498
Dual-Stack Topology (15.1.5) 499
IPv4 Starting Routing Tables (15.1.6) 499
IPv6 Starting Routing Tables (15.1.7) 501
Configure IP Static Routes (15.2) 503
IPv4 Next-Hop Static Route (15.2.1) 503
IPv6 Next-Hop Static Route (15.2.2) 504
IPv4 Directly Connected Static Route (15.2.3) 505
IPv6 Directly Connected Static Route (15.2.4) 506
IPv4 Fully Specified Static Route (15.2.5) 507
IPv6 Fully Specified Static Route (15.2.6) 509
Verify a Static Route (15.2.7) 510
Display Only IPv4 Static Routes 511
Display a Specific IPv4 Network 511
Display the IPv4 Static Route Configuration 511
Display Only IPv6 Static Routes 512
Display a Specific IPv6 Network 512
Display the IPv6 Static Route Configuration 512
Configure IP Default Static Routes (15.3) 513
Default Static Route (15.3.1) 513
IPv4 Default Static Route 513
IPv6 Default Static Route 514
Configure a Default Static Route (15.3.2) 514
Verify a Default Static Route (15.3.3) 515
Configure Floating Static Routes (15.4) 517
Floating Static Routes (15.4.1) 517
Configure IPv4 and IPv6 Floating Static Routes (15.4.2) 518
Test the Floating Static Route (15.4.3) 520
Configure Static Host Routes (15.5) 521
Host Routes (15.5.1) 521
Automatically Installed Host Routes (15.5.2) 522
Static Host Routes (15.5.3) 523
Configure Static Host Routes (15.5.4) 523
Verify Static Host Routes (15.5.5) 523
Configure IPv6 Static Host Route with Link-Local
Next-Hop (15.5.6) 524
Summary (15.6) 525
Static Routes 525
Configure IP Static Routes 525
Configure IP Default Static Routes 525
Configure Floating Static Routes 526
Configure Static Host Routes 526
Practice 527
Check Your Understanding Questions 527
Chapter 16 Troubleshoot Static and Default Routes 531
Objectives 531
Introduction (16.0) 532
Packet Processing with Static Routes (16.1) 532
Static Routes and Packet Forwarding (16.1.1) 532
Troubleshoot IPv4 Static and Default Route Configuration (16.2) 533
Network Changes (16.2.1) 534
Common Troubleshooting Commands (16.2.2) 534
Solve a Connectivity Problem (16.2.3) 536
Ping the Remote LAN 536
Ping the Next-Hop Router 537
Ping R3 LAN from S0/1/0 537
Verify the R2 Routing Table 538
Correct the R2 Static Route Configuration 538
Verify New Static Route Is Installed 538
Ping the Remote LAN Again 539
Summary (16.3) 540
Packet Processing with Static Routes 540
Troubleshoot IPv4 Static and Default Route Configuration 540
Practice 541
Check Your Understanding Questions 542
Appendix A Answers to the "Check Your Understanding" Questions 545
Glossary 561


9780136729358 TOC 6/4/2020