Corrosion Engineering and Cathodic Protection Handbook

Name: Corrosion Engineering and Cathodic Protection Handbook | With an Extensive Question and Answer Section
Brand: Wiley-Scrivener
Price: 219.99 EUR
Availability: OnlineOnly

With an Extensive Question and Answer Section

Volkan Cicek(Autor*in)

Wiley-Scrivener (Verlag)

Erschienen am 17. Februar 2017

768 Seiten

E-Book

PDF mit Adobe-DRM

Systemvoraussetzungen

978-1-119-28445-1 (ISBN)

219,99 €inkl. 7% MwSt.

Systemvoraussetzungen

für PDF mit Adobe-DRM

E-Book Einzellizenz

Als Download verfügbar

Beschreibung

Weitere Details

Weitere Ausgaben

Person

Inhalt

1 - Cover [Seite 1]
2 - Title Page [Seite 5]
3 - Copyright Page [Seite 6]
4 - Dedication [Seite 7]
5 - Contents [Seite 9]
6 - Preface [Seite 17]
7 - Part 1 Corrosion Chemistry [Seite 19]
7.1 - 1 Corrosion and its Definition [Seite 21]
7.2 - 2 The Corrosion Process and Affecting Factors [Seite 23]
7.3 - 3 Corrosion Types Based on Mechanism [Seite 25]
7.3.1 - 3.1 Uniform Corrosion [Seite 25]
7.3.2 - 3.2 Pitting Corrosion [Seite 25]
7.3.3 - 3.3 Crevice Corrosion [Seite 26]
7.3.4 - 3.4 Galvanic Corrosion [Seite 26]
7.3.5 - 3.5 Intergranular Corrosion [Seite 26]
7.3.6 - 3.6 Selective Corrosion [Seite 27]
7.3.7 - 3.7 Erosion or Abrasion Corrosion [Seite 27]
7.3.8 - 3.8 Cavitation Corrosion [Seite 27]
7.3.9 - 3.9 Fretting Corrosion [Seite 27]
7.3.10 - 3.10 Stress Corrosion Cracking [Seite 27]
7.3.11 - 3.11 Microbial Corrosion [Seite 27]
7.4 - 4 Corrosion Types of Based on the Media [Seite 29]
7.4.1 - 4.1 Atmospheric Corrosion [Seite 29]
7.4.2 - 4.2 Corrosion in Water [Seite 30]
7.4.2.1 - 4.2.1 Cooling Water Systems [Seite 30]
7.4.2.2 - 4.2.2 Oil/Petroleum Industry [Seite 31]
7.4.2.3 - 4.2.3 Mine Waters [Seite 31]
7.4.3 - 4.3 Corrosion in Soil [Seite 31]
7.5 - 5 Nature of Protective Metal Oxide Films [Seite 33]
7.6 - 6 Effect of Aggressive Anions on Corrosion [Seite 35]
7.7 - 7 Corrosion Prevention Methods [Seite 37]
7.8 - 8 Commonly Used Alloys and their Properties [Seite 39]
7.8.1 - 8.1 Aluminum 2024 Alloy [Seite 39]
7.8.2 - 8.2 Aluminum 7075 Alloy [Seite 40]
7.8.3 - 8.3 Aluminum 6061 Alloy [Seite 40]
7.9 - 9 Cost of Corrosion and Use of Corrosion Inhibitors [Seite 41]
7.10 - 10 Types of Corrosion Inhibitors [Seite 43]
7.10.1 - 10.1 Anodic Inhibitors [Seite 43]
7.10.2 - 10.2 Cathodic Inhibitors [Seite 43]
7.11 - 11 Chromates: Best Corrosion Inhibitors to Date [Seite 45]
7.11.1 - 11.1 Limitations on the Use of Chromates due to Toxicity [Seite 45]
7.11.2 - 11.2 Corrosion Inhibition Mechanism of Chromates [Seite 47]
7.12 - 12 Chromate Inhibitor Replacements: Current and Potential Applications [Seite 49]
7.12.1 - 12.1 Nitrites [Seite 49]
7.12.2 - 12.2 Trivalent Chromium Compounds [Seite 47]
7.12.3 - 12.3 Oxyanions Analogous to Chromate [Seite 50]
7.12.3.1 - 12.3.1 Molybdates [Seite 50]
7.12.3.2 - 12.3.2 Vanadates [Seite 51]
7.12.3.3 - 12.3.3 Salts of Polyhydroxycarboxylic Acids [Seite 52]
7.12.4 - 12.4 Synergistic Use of Oxyanions Analogues of Chromate [Seite 52]
7.13 - 13 Sol-Gels (Ormosils): Properties and Uses [Seite 53]
7.13.1 - 13.1 Types of Sol-Gels [Seite 53]
7.13.2 - 13.2 Corrosion Inhibition Mechanism of Sol-Gel Coatings [Seite 54]
7.13.3 - 13.3 Synthesis of Sol-Gels [Seite 55]
7.13.3.1 - 13.3.1 Gelation [Seite 55]
7.13.3.2 - 13.3.2 Drying [Seite 56]
7.13.4 - 13.4 Incorporation of Corrosion Inhibitive Pigments into Sol-Gel Coatings [Seite 56]
7.13.4.1 - 13.4.1 Barrier Pigments [Seite 56]
7.13.4.2 - 13.4.2 Sacrificial Pigments [Seite 56]
7.13.4.3 - 13.4.3 Inhibitive Pigments [Seite 56]
7.14 - 14 Corrosion in Engineering Materials [Seite 57]
7.14.1 - 14.1 Introduction [Seite 57]
7.14.2 - 14.2 Steel Structures [Seite 57]
7.14.2.1 - 14.2.1 Corrosive Environments [Seite 57]
7.14.2.2 - 14.2.2 The Corrosion Process in Steel Structures [Seite 57]
7.14.2.3 - 14.2.3 Protection Against Corrosion in SteelStructures [Seite 58]
7.14.2.4 - 14.2.4 Coatings as a Corrosion Control [Seite 58]
7.14.2.5 - 14.2.5 Corrosion Protection/Surface Protection [Seite 58]
7.14.3 - 14.3 Concrete Structures [Seite 58]
7.14.3.1 - 14.3.1 Corrosion of Reinforcements in ConcreteMembers [Seite 59]
7.14.3.2 - 14.3.2 Rate of Corrosion [Seite 59]
7.14.3.3 - 14.3.3 Measures to Withstand Corrosion [Seite 59]
7.14.3.4 - 14.3.4 The Importance of Chloride Ions [Seite 59]
7.14.3.5 - 14.3.5 Types of Corrosion ControllingMechanisms [Seite 60]
7.14.3.6 - 14.3.6 Stray Current Corrosion [Seite 60]
7.14.3.7 - 14.3.7 Stress Corrosion Cracking [Seite 60]
7.14.3.8 - 14.3.8 Effects of the Concrete Environment onCorrosion [Seite 61]
7.14.3.9 - 14.3.9 Corrosion Inhibiting Admixtures [Seite 61]
7.14.3.10 - 14.3.10 Concrete Quality [Seite 62]
7.14.3.11 - 14.3.11 Thickness of Concrete Cover Over Steel [Seite 62]
7.14.3.12 - 14.3.12 Carbonation [Seite 62]
7.14.4 - 14.4 Protection Against Corrosion in Concrete Construction [Seite 62]
7.14.4.1 - 14.4.1 Introduction [Seite 62]
7.14.4.2 - 14.4.2 Design and Construction Practices [Seite 62]
7.14.4.3 - 14.4.3 Excluding of Chloride Ion from Concrete [Seite 65]
7.14.4.4 - 14.4.4 Methods of Protecting Reinforcing Steelfrom Chloride Ions [Seite 67]
7.14.4.5 - 14.4.5 Corrosion Control Methods [Seite 68]
7.14.5 - 14.5 Corrosion of Unbonded Prestressing Tendons [Seite 69]
7.14.5.1 - 14.5.1 Background [Seite 69]
7.14.5.2 - 14.5.2 Allowable Tensile Stresses in Concrete [Seite 69]
7.14.5.3 - 14.5.3 Condition Survey [Seite 70]
7.14.5.4 - 14.5.4 Repair [Seite 70]
7.14.5.5 - 14.5.5 Strand Replacement [Seite 70]
7.14.6 - 14.6 Cathodic Protection [Seite 70]
7.14.6.1 - 14.6.1 Practical Applications in TropicalEnvironments and Lessons Gained [Seite 72]
7.14.7 - 14.7 Corrosion in Industrial Projects [Seite 75]
7.14.7.1 - 14.7.1 Corrosion in Oil and Gas Production [Seite 75]
7.14.7.2 - 14.7.2 Corrosion of Carbon Steel and GalvanizedSteel in Industrial Projects under Pollutantand Marine Environments [Seite 76]
7.14.7.3 - 14.7.3 Dead Sea Structures [Seite 77]
7.15 - References [Seite 79]
8 - Part 2 Cathodic Protection [Seite 91]
8.1 - 15 Corrosion of Materials [Seite 93]
8.1.1 - 15.1 Deterioration or Corrosion of Ceramic Materials [Seite 93]
8.1.2 - 15.2 Degradation or Deterioration of Polymers [Seite 94]
8.1.3 - 15.3 Corrosion or Deterioration of Metals [Seite 94]
8.1.3.1 - 15.3.1 Iron, Steel and Stainless Steels [Seite 94]
8.1.3.2 - 15.3.2 Aluminum and its Alloys [Seite 96]
8.1.3.3 - 15.3.3 Magnesium and its Alloys [Seite 97]
8.1.3.4 - 15.3.4 Copper and its Alloys [Seite 97]
8.1.3.5 - 15.3.5 Nickel and its Alloys [Seite 98]
8.1.3.6 - 15.3.6 Titanium and its Alloys [Seite 98]
8.1.3.7 - 15.3.7 Lead and its Alloys [Seite 98]
8.1.3.8 - 15.3.8 Corrosion of Composite Alloys(Tin Can Example) [Seite 98]
8.2 - 16 Factors Influencing Corrosion [Seite 101]
8.2.1 - 16.1 Nature of the Metal [Seite 101]
8.2.1.1 - 16.1.1 Position in Galvanic Series [Seite 101]
8.2.1.2 - 16.1.2 Relative Areas of the Anode and Cathode [Seite 101]
8.2.1.3 - 16.1.3 Purity of Metal [Seite 101]
8.2.1.4 - 16.1.4 Physical State of the Metal [Seite 101]
8.2.1.5 - 16.1.5 Passivity or Passivation [Seite 101]
8.2.1.6 - 16.1.6 Nature of the Corrosion Product [Seite 102]
8.2.1.7 - 16.1.7 Nature of the Oxide Film [Seite 102]
8.2.2 - 16.2 Nature of the Corroding Environment [Seite 102]
8.2.2.1 - 16.2.1 Effect of Temperature [Seite 102]
8.2.2.2 - 16.2.2 Dissolved Oxygen Concentration andFormation of Oxygen Concentration Cells [Seite 102]
8.2.2.3 - 16.2.3 Nature of the Electrolyte [Seite 102]
8.2.2.4 - 16.2.4 Presence of Corrosive Ions [Seite 102]
8.2.2.5 - 16.2.5 Flow Rate [Seite 102]
8.2.2.6 - 16.2.6 Humidity [Seite 102]
8.2.2.7 - 16.2.7 Effect of pH [Seite 102]
8.2.2.8 - 16.2.8 Presence of Impurities in the Atmosphere [Seite 103]
8.3 - 17 Corrosion Mechanisms [Seite 105]
8.3.1 - 17.1 Direct Chemical Attack or Chemical or Dry Corrosion [Seite 105]
8.3.1.1 - 17.1.1 Oxidation Corrosion [Seite 105]
8.3.1.2 - 17.1.2 Corrosion by Other Gases [Seite 106]
8.3.1.3 - 17.1.3 Liquid Metal Corrosion [Seite 106]
8.3.2 - 17.2 Electrochemical or Aqueous or Wet Corrosion [Seite 106]
8.3.3 - 17.3 Differences between Chemical and Electrochemical Corrosion [Seite 108]
8.4 - 18 Corrosion Types [Seite 109]
8.4.1 - 18.1 Uniform Corrosion [Seite 109]
8.4.1.1 - 18.1.1 Atmospheric Corrosion [Seite 110]
8.4.1.2 - 18.1.2 Corrosion in Water [Seite 110]
8.4.1.3 - 18.1.3 Underground or Soil Corrosion [Seite 112]
8.4.1.4 - 18.1.4 High Temperature Corrosion [Seite 113]
8.4.2 - 18.2 Non-Uniform Corrosion [Seite 113]
8.4.2.1 - 18.2.1 Galvanic Corrosion [Seite 113]
8.4.2.2 - 18.2.2 Crevice Corrosion [Seite 114]
8.4.2.3 - 18.2.3 Pitting Corrosion [Seite 114]
8.4.2.4 - 18.2.4 Selective Leaching or Selective Corrosion [Seite 115]
8.4.2.5 - 18.2.5 Filiform Corrosion [Seite 115]
8.4.2.6 - 18.2.6 Erosion Corrosion [Seite 116]
8.4.2.7 - 18.2.7 Cavitation Corrosion [Seite 116]
8.4.2.8 - 18.2.8 Abrasion Corrosion [Seite 117]
8.4.2.9 - 18.2.9 Stress Corrosion [Seite 117]
8.4.2.10 - 18.2.10 Intergranular Corrosion [Seite 118]
8.4.2.11 - 18.2.11 Caustic Embrittlement [Seite 119]
8.4.2.12 - 18.2.12 Hydrogen Embrittlement [Seite 119]
8.4.2.13 - 18.2.13 Corrosion Fatigue [Seite 120]
8.4.2.14 - 18.2.14 Fretting Corrosion [Seite 121]
8.4.2.15 - 18.2.15 Stray-current and Interference Corrosion [Seite 121]
8.4.2.16 - 18.2.16 Waterline Corrosion [Seite 122]
8.4.2.17 - 18.2.17 Microbial or Biocorrosion [Seite 122]
8.5 - 19 Thermodynamics of Corrosion [Seite 125]
8.5.1 - 19.1 Gibbs Free Energy (?G) [Seite 125]
8.5.2 - 19.2 Passivity [Seite 126]
8.5.3 - 19.3 Pourbaix Diagrams [Seite 127]
8.5.3.1 - 19.3.1 Immunity Region [Seite 127]
8.5.3.2 - 19.3.2 Corrosion Regions [Seite 127]
8.5.3.3 - 19.3.3 Passivity Region [Seite 128]
8.5.4 - 19.4 Corrosion Equilibrium and Adsorptions [Seite 128]
8.5.5 - 19.5 Concentration Corrosion Cells [Seite 128]
8.5.6 - 19.6 Polarization [Seite 129]
8.5.6.1 - 19.6.1 Activation Polarization [Seite 130]
8.5.6.2 - 19.6.2 Concentration Polarization [Seite 130]
8.5.6.3 - 19.6.3 Ohmic Polarization [Seite 131]
8.5.7 - 19.7 Polarization Curves [Seite 131]
8.6 - 20 Corrosion Prevention and Protection [Seite 135]
8.6.1 - 20.1 Proper Design [Seite 135]
8.6.2 - 20.2 Choice of Material [Seite 136]
8.6.2.1 - 20.2.1 Purity of the Chemicals in theEnvironment [Seite 137]
8.6.2.2 - 20.2.2 Electrolyte Concentrations [Seite 137]
8.6.2.3 - 20.2.3 Nature of the Electrolyte [Seite 137]
8.6.2.4 - 20.2.4 Effect of Corrosion Products [Seite 137]
8.6.2.5 - 20.2.5 Temperature Variations [Seite 137]
8.6.2.6 - 20.2.6 Presence of Oxygen [Seite 137]
8.6.2.7 - 20.2.7 Oxygen Concentration Cells [Seite 137]
8.6.2.8 - 20.2.8 Interference Effects [Seite 137]
8.6.3 - 20.3 Protective Coatings [Seite 138]
8.6.3.1 - 20.3.1 Protective Oxide Films and Passivation [Seite 138]
8.6.3.2 - 20.3.2 Coatings with Metals, Alloys or Materialsthat are Conductors [Seite 138]
8.6.3.3 - 20.3.3 Coating with Inorganic Materials that areInsulators [Seite 140]
8.6.3.4 - 20.3.4 Coating with Organic Materials that areInsulators [Seite 140]
8.6.4 - 20.4 Changing the Environmental Factors that Accelerate Corrosion [Seite 141]
8.6.4.1 - 20.4.1 Reducing the Corrosivity of the Solution [Seite 141]
8.6.4.2 - 20.4.2 Inhibitors [Seite 142]
8.6.4.3 - 20.4.3 Eliminating Galvanic Action [Seite 144]
8.6.5 - 20.5 Changing the Electrochemical Characteristic of the Metal Surface [Seite 144]
8.6.5.1 - 20.5.1 Cathodic Protection [Seite 144]
8.6.5.2 - 20.5.2 Anodic Protection [Seite 144]
8.7 - 21 Cost of Corrosion [Seite 147]
8.7.1 - 21.1 Corrosion Preventative Measures [Seite 147]
8.7.2 - 21.2 Lost Production Due to Plants Going out of Service or Shutdowns [Seite 147]
8.7.3 - 21.3 Product Loss Due to Leakages [Seite 147]
8.7.4 - 21.4 Contamination of the Product [Seite 148]
8.7.5 - 21.5 Maintenance Costs [Seite 148]
8.7.6 - 21.6 Overprotective Measures [Seite 148]
8.8 - 22 Cathodic Protection [Seite 149]
8.8.1 - 22.1 Sacrificial Anode Cathodic Protection Systems [Seite 149]
8.8.2 - 22.2 Impressed Current Cathodic Protection Systems [Seite 150]
8.8.3 - 22.3 Cathodic Protection Current Need [Seite 151]
8.8.4 - 22.4 Effect of Coatings on Cathodic Protection [Seite 152]
8.8.5 - 22.5 Effect of Passivation on Cathodic Protection [Seite 152]
8.8.6 - 22.6 Automated Cathodic Protection Systems [Seite 152]
8.8.7 - 22.7 Cathodic Protection Criteria [Seite 152]
8.8.7.1 - 22.7.1 -850 mV Criterion [Seite 152]
8.8.7.2 - 22.7.2 300 mV Potential Shift Criterion [Seite 152]
8.8.7.3 - 22.7.3 100 mV Polarization Shift Criterion [Seite 152]
8.8.7.4 - 22.7.4 Tafel Region Starting Point [Seite 152]
8.8.8 - 22.8 Reliability of Cathodic Protection Criteria [Seite 153]
8.8.9 - 22.9 Interference Effects of Cathodic Protection Systems [Seite 153]
8.8.9.1 - 22.9.1 Anodic Interference [Seite 153]
8.8.9.2 - 22.9.2 Cathodic Interference [Seite 154]
8.8.9.3 - 22.9.3 Specific Interference Cases [Seite 154]
8.8.10 - 22.10 Criteria for Cathodic Protection Projects [Seite 156]
8.8.11 - 22.11 Cost of Cathodic Protection [Seite 156]
8.8.12 - 22.12 Comparison of Cathodic Protection Systems [Seite 157]
8.9 - 23 Sacrificial Anode or Galvanic Cathodic Protection Systems [Seite 159]
8.9.1 - 23.1 Anodic Potentials and Anodic Polarization [Seite 159]
8.9.2 - 23.2 Galvanic Cathodic Protection Current Need [Seite 160]
8.9.3 - 23.3 Anodic Current Capacity and Anodic Current Efficiency [Seite 160]
8.9.4 - 23.4 Service Life of an Anode [Seite 160]
8.9.5 - 23.5 Minimum Number of Galvanic Anodes [Seite 160]
8.9.6 - 23.6 Commonly Used Galvanic Anodes [Seite 161]
8.9.6.1 - 23.6.1 Magnesium Anodes [Seite 162]
8.9.6.2 - 23.6.2 Zinc Anodes [Seite 162]
8.9.6.3 - 23.6.3 Aluminum Anodes [Seite 163]
8.9.7 - 23.7 Performance Measurements of Galvanic Anodes [Seite 163]
8.9.7.1 - 23.7.1 Chemical Composition [Seite 163]
8.9.7.2 - 23.7.2 Mechanical Strength [Seite 163]
8.9.7.3 - 23.7.3 Electrical Resistivity [Seite 163]
8.9.7.4 - 23.7.4 Electrochemical Experiments [Seite 164]
8.9.8 - 23.8 Galvanic Anodic Beds [Seite 164]
8.9.8.1 - 23.8.1 Anodic Bed Filling Materials [Seite 164]
8.9.8.2 - 23.8.2 Anodic Bed Resistance [Seite 165]
8.9.9 - 23.9 Sacrificial Anode Cathodic Protection Projects [Seite 166]
8.9.10 - 23.10 Maintenance of Sacrificial Anode Cathodic Protection Systems [Seite 166]
8.9.10.1 - 23.10.1 Low Pipeline/Terrain Potential [Seite 166]
8.9.10.2 - 23.10.2 Decreases in Anodic Current Production [Seite 167]
8.10 - 24 Impressed Current Cathodic Protection Systems [Seite 169]
8.10.1 - 24.1 T/R Units [Seite 169]
8.10.1.1 - 24.1.1 Efficiency of T/R Units [Seite 170]
8.10.1.2 - 24.1.2 T/R Units with Constant Potentials [Seite 170]
8.10.1.3 - 24.1.3 Installation of T/R Units [Seite 170]
8.10.1.4 - 24.1.4 Technical Properties of T/R Units [Seite 170]
8.10.2 - 24.2 Types of Anodes [Seite 171]
8.10.2.1 - 24.2.1 Graphite Anodes [Seite 171]
8.10.2.2 - 24.2.2 Iron-Silicon Anodes [Seite 171]
8.10.2.3 - 24.2.3 Silver-Lead Anodes [Seite 171]
8.10.2.4 - 24.2.4 Titanium Anodes Coated with Platinum [Seite 172]
8.10.2.5 - 24.2.5 Titanium Anodes Coated with MetalOxides [Seite 172]
8.10.3 - 24.3 Anodic Bed Resistance [Seite 172]
8.10.4 - 24.4 Types of Anodic Beds [Seite 173]
8.10.5 - 24.5 Cable Cross-Sections [Seite 174]
8.10.6 - 24.6 Impressed Current Cathodic Protection Projects [Seite 174]
8.10.7 - 24.7 Maintenance of Impressed Current Cathodic Protection Systems [Seite 175]
8.10.7.1 - 24.7.1 Periodical Measurements and Controls ofthe Entire System [Seite 175]
8.10.7.2 - 24.7.2 Periodical Measurements and Controls ofthe T/R Unit [Seite 175]
8.10.7.3 - 24.7.3 Commonly Encountered Problems [Seite 176]
8.11 - 25 Corrosion and Corrosion Prevention of Concrete Structures [Seite 177]
8.11.1 - 25.1 Concrete's Chemical Composition [Seite 177]
8.11.2 - 25.2 Corrosion Reactions of Concrete [Seite 178]
8.11.3 - 25.3 Factors Affecting Corrosion Rate in Reinforced Concrete Structures [Seite 178]
8.11.3.1 - 25.3.1 Effect of Concrete Composition [Seite 178]
8.11.3.2 - 25.3.2 Effect of Oxygen [Seite 179]
8.11.3.3 - 25.3.3 Effect of Humidity [Seite 179]
8.11.3.4 - 25.3.4 Effect of Temperature [Seite 180]
8.11.3.5 - 25.3.5 Effect of pH [Seite 180]
8.11.3.6 - 25.3.6 Effect of Chlorides [Seite 181]
8.11.3.7 - 25.3.7 Effect of Magnesium Ions [Seite 182]
8.11.4 - 25.4 Corrosion Measurements in Reinforced Concrete Structures [Seite 182]
8.11.4.1 - 25.4.1 Observational Methods [Seite 182]
8.11.4.2 - 25.4.2 Weight Loss Measurements [Seite 182]
8.11.4.3 - 25.4.3 Potential Diagrams [Seite 183]
8.11.4.4 - 25.4.4 Polarization Curves [Seite 183]
8.11.5 - 25.5 Corrosion Prevention of Reinforced Concrete [Seite 184]
8.11.5.1 - 25.5.1 Via Coatings [Seite 184]
8.11.5.2 - 25.5.2 Via Inhibitors [Seite 184]
8.11.5.3 - 25.5.3 Via Cathodic Protection [Seite 184]
8.12 - 26 Cathodic Protection of Reinforced Concrete Steels [Seite 185]
8.12.1 - 26.1 Current Needed for Cathodic Protection of Steel Structures [Seite 186]
8.12.2 - 26.2 Cathodic Protection Criteria [Seite 186]
8.12.2.1 - 26.2.1 -770 mV Potential Criterion [Seite 186]
8.12.2.2 - 26.2.2 300 mV Potential Shift [Seite 186]
8.12.2.3 - 26.2.3 100 mV Polarization Shift [Seite 186]
8.12.3 - 26.3 Determination of Protection Potential [Seite 186]
8.12.4 - 26.4 Cathodic Protection Methods for Reinforced Concrete Steels [Seite 186]
8.12.4.1 - 26.4.1 Via Iron-Silicon Anodes [Seite 186]
8.12.4.2 - 26.4.2 Via Conductive Polymeric Cage Anodes [Seite 187]
8.12.4.3 - 26.4.3 Via Titanium Sieve Anodes Coated withOxides [Seite 187]
8.12.4.4 - 26.4.4 Via Conducting Paints [Seite 187]
8.12.5 - 26.5 Cathodic Protection of Pre-Stressed Steel Concrete Pipes [Seite 187]
8.13 - 27 Corrosion in Petroleum Industry [Seite 189]
8.13.1 - 27.1 Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) and Chlorides [Seite 190]
8.13.2 - 27.2 Hydrogen (H2) Gas [Seite 190]
8.13.3 - 27.3 Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) and Other Sulfur Compounds [Seite 191]
8.13.4 - 27.4 Sulfuric Acid (H2SO4) [Seite 191]
8.13.5 - 27.5 Hydrogen Fluoride (HF) [Seite 191]
8.13.6 - 27.6 Carbon Dioxide (CO2) [Seite 191]
8.13.7 - 27.7 Dissolved Oxygen (O2) and Water (H2O) [Seite 192]
8.13.8 - 27.8 Organic Acids [Seite 193]
8.13.9 - 27.9 Nitrogen (N2) Compounds and Ammonia (NH3) [Seite 193]
8.13.10 - 27.10 Phenols [Seite 193]
8.13.11 - 27.11 Phosphoric Acid (H3PO4) [Seite 193]
8.13.12 - 27.12 Caustic Soda (NaOH) [Seite 194]
8.13.13 - 27.13 Mercury (Hg) [Seite 194]
8.13.14 - 27.14 Aluminum Chloride (AlCl3) [Seite 194]
8.13.15 - 27.15 Sulfate Reducing Bacteria (SRB) [Seite 194]
8.14 - 28 Corrosion in Pipeline Systems [Seite 195]
8.14.1 - 28.1 Pipes Made of Iron and its Alloys [Seite 195]
8.14.1.1 - 28.1.1 Cast Iron Pipes [Seite 196]
8.14.1.2 - 28.1.2 Ductile Cast Iron Pipes [Seite 196]
8.14.1.3 - 28.1.3 Steel Pipes [Seite 196]
8.14.2 - 28.2 Petroleum or Crude Oil Pipeline Systems [Seite 196]
8.14.3 - 28.3 Water Pipeline Systems [Seite 197]
8.14.3.1 - 28.3.1 Water Pipelines Made of Iron and Steel [Seite 197]
8.14.3.2 - 28.3.2 Galvanized Water Pipelines [Seite 197]
8.14.3.3 - 28.3.3 Water Pipelines Made of Copper [Seite 197]
8.14.3.4 - 28.3.4 Water Pipelines Made of Brass [Seite 197]
8.15 - 29 Cathodic Protection of Pipeline Systems [Seite 199]
8.15.1 - 29.1 Measurement of Terrain's Resistivity [Seite 199]
8.15.2 - 29.2 Potential Measurements [Seite 200]
8.15.2.1 - 29.2.1 Redox Potential of the Terrain [Seite 200]
8.15.2.2 - 29.2.2 Static Potential & On-Off Potentials [Seite 200]
8.15.2.3 - 29.2.3 Measurement of Pipeline/Terrain Potential [Seite 200]
8.15.3 - 29.3 Determination of Coating Failures Based on Potential Measurements [Seite 201]
8.15.3.1 - 29.3.1 Determination of Coating FailuresBased on the Measured Pipeline/TerrainPotentials [Seite 201]
8.15.3.2 - 29.3.2 Determination of Coating Failures Basedon the Pearson Method [Seite 201]
8.15.4 - 29.4 Measuring Potential Along the Pipeline [Seite 201]
8.15.4.1 - 29.4.1 Long Cable Method [Seite 201]
8.15.4.2 - 29.4.2 Double Electrode Method [Seite 201]
8.15.5 - 29.5 Maintenance of Pipeline Cathodic Protection Systems [Seite 201]
8.15.6 - 29.6 Measurement Stations [Seite 202]
8.15.6.1 - 29.6.1 STP Regular Measurement Units [Seite 202]
8.15.6.2 - 29.6.2 ATP Current Measurement Units [Seite 202]
8.15.6.3 - 29.6.3 SATP Galvanic Anode Measurement Units [Seite 202]
8.15.6.4 - 29.6.4 SIF Insulated Flange Measurement Units [Seite 202]
8.15.6.5 - 29.6.5 EPC Equivalent Potential MeasurementUnits [Seite 202]
8.15.6.6 - 29.6.6 CTP Measurement Units [Seite 202]
8.15.7 - 29.8 Cathodic Protection of Airport Fuel Distribution Lines [Seite 203]
8.15.8 - 29.9 Cathodic Protection of Water Pipelines [Seite 203]
8.16 - 30 Corrosion and Cathodic Protection of Crude Oil or Petroleum Storage Tanks [Seite 205]
8.16.1 - 30.1 Cathodic Protection of Inner Surfaces of Crude Oil Storage Tanks [Seite 205]
8.16.1.1 - 30.1.1 Corrosion Prevention [Seite 206]
8.16.1.2 - 30.1.2 Sacrificial Anode Cathodic Protection [Seite 206]
8.16.1.3 - 30.1.3 Sacrificial Anode Cathodic ProtectionCurrent Need [Seite 206]
8.16.1.4 - 30.1.4 Problems with Cathodic Protection ofStorage Tanks [Seite 207]
8.17 - 31 Corrosion and Cathodic Protection of Metallic Structures in Seawater [Seite 209]
8.17.1 - 31.1 Factors Affecting Corrosion Rate of Metallic Structures in Seawater [Seite 209]
8.17.1.1 - 31.1.1 Effect of Resistivity on Corrosion inSeawater [Seite 209]
8.17.1.2 - 31.1.2 Effect of pH on Corrosion in Seawater [Seite 210]
8.17.1.3 - 31.1.3 Effect of Temperature on Corrosion inSeawater [Seite 210]
8.17.1.4 - 31.1.4 Effect of Dissolved Oxygen Concentration [Seite 210]
8.17.1.5 - 31.1.5 Effect of Fluid Rate [Seite 211]
8.17.2 - 31.2 Cathodic Protection of Metallic Structures in the Sea [Seite 211]
8.17.2.1 - 31.2.1 Cathodic Protection Current Need [Seite 211]
8.17.2.2 - 31.2.2 Cathodic Protection Criteria [Seite 211]
8.17.3 - 31.3 Cathodic Protection of Ships [Seite 211]
8.17.3.1 - 31.3.1 Painting the Ships [Seite 212]
8.17.3.2 - 31.3.2 Sacrificial Anode Cathodic Protection ofShips [Seite 212]
8.17.3.3 - 31.3.3 Impressed Current Cathodic Protection ofShips [Seite 213]
8.17.3.4 - 31.3.4 General Guidelines about CathodicProtection of the Ships [Seite 213]
8.17.4 - 31.4 Cathodic Protection of Pier Poles with Galvanic Anodes [Seite 214]
8.18 - 32 Cathodic Protection of the Potable Water Tanks [Seite 215]
8.19 - 33 Corrosion and Corrosion Prevention in Boilers [Seite 217]
8.19.1 - 33.1 Corrosion in Boilers [Seite 217]
8.19.2 - 33.2 Corrosion Prevention in Boilers [Seite 218]
8.19.2.1 - 33.2.1 Degassing [Seite 219]
8.19.2.2 - 33.2.2 Chemical Conditioning [Seite 219]
8.20 - 34 Corrosion and Corrosion Prevention in Geothermal Systems [Seite 221]
8.20.1 - 34.1 Corrosion in Geothermal Systems [Seite 221]
8.20.2 - 34.2 Corrosion Prevention in Geothermal Systems [Seite 221]
8.21 - References [Seite 223]
9 - Part 3 Corrosion Engineering [Seite 231]
9.1 - 35 Corrosion of Materials [Seite 233]
9.1.1 - 35.1 Deterioration or Corrosion of Ceramic Materials [Seite 234]
9.1.2 - 35.2 Degradation or Deterioration of Polymers [Seite 234]
9.1.3 - 35.3 Corrosion or Deterioration of Metals [Seite 234]
9.1.3.1 - 35.3.1 Iron, Steel and Stainless Steels [Seite 234]
9.1.3.2 - 35.3.2 Aluminum and its Alloys [Seite 236]
9.1.3.3 - 35.3.3 Magnesium and its Alloys [Seite 239]
9.1.3.4 - 35.3.4 Copper and its Alloys [Seite 239]
9.1.3.5 - 35.3.5 Nickel and its Alloys [Seite 239]
9.1.3.6 - 35.3.6 Titanium and its Alloys [Seite 239]
9.1.3.7 - 35.3.7 Lead and its Alloys [Seite 240]
9.1.3.8 - 35.3.8 Composite Alloys [Seite 240]
9.2 - 36 Cost of Corrosion [Seite 243]
9.2.1 - 36.1 Corrosion Preventative Measures [Seite 243]
9.2.2 - 36.2 Lost Production Due to Plants Going out of Service or Shutdowns [Seite 244]
9.2.3 - 36.3 Product Loss Due to Leakages [Seite 244]
9.2.4 - 36.4 Contamination of the Product [Seite 244]
9.2.5 - 36.5 Maintenance Costs [Seite 244]
9.2.6 - 36.6 Overprotective Measures [Seite 244]
9.3 - 37 Factors Influencing Corrosion [Seite 245]
9.3.1 - 37.1 Nature of the Metal [Seite 246]
9.3.1.1 - 37.1.1 Position in Galvanic Series [Seite 246]
9.3.1.2 - 37.1.2 Relative Areas of the Anode and Cathode [Seite 246]
9.3.1.3 - 37.1.3 Purity of Metal [Seite 246]
9.3.1.4 - 37.1.4 Physical State of the Metal [Seite 246]
9.3.1.5 - 37.1.5 Passivity or Passivation [Seite 246]
9.3.1.6 - 37.1.6 Nature of the Corrosion Product [Seite 246]
9.3.1.7 - 37.1.7 Nature of the Oxide Film [Seite 247]
9.3.2 - 37.2 Nature of the Corroding Environment [Seite 247]
9.3.2.1 - 37.2.1 Effect of Temperature [Seite 247]
9.3.2.2 - 37.2.2 Dissolved Oxygen Concentration andFormation of Oxygen Concentration Cells [Seite 247]
9.3.2.3 - 37.2.3 Nature of the Electrolyte [Seite 247]
9.3.2.4 - 37.2.4 Presence of Aggressive Ions [Seite 247]
9.3.2.5 - 37.2.5 Flow Rate [Seite 248]
9.3.2.6 - 37.2.6 Humidity [Seite 248]
9.3.2.7 - 37.2.7 Effect of pH [Seite 248]
9.3.2.8 - 37.2.8 Presence of Impurities in the Atmosphere [Seite 248]
9.4 - 38 Corrosion Mechanisms [Seite 249]
9.4.1 - 38.1 Direct Chemical Attack or Chemical or Dry Corrosion [Seite 249]
9.4.1.1 - 38.1.1 Oxidation Corrosion [Seite 249]
9.4.1.2 - 38.1.2 Corrosion by Other Gases [Seite 250]
9.4.1.3 - 38.1.3 Liquid Metal Corrosion [Seite 250]
9.4.2 - 38.2 Electrochemical or Aqueous or WetCorrosion [Seite 250]
9.4.2.1 - 38.2.1 Electroplating [Seite 251]
9.4.2.2 - 38.2.2 Liberation of Hydrogen [Seite 251]
9.4.2.3 - 38.2.3 Oxygen Absorption [Seite 251]
9.4.3 - 38.3 Differences between Chemical and Electrochemical Corrosion [Seite 252]
9.5 - 39 Types of Corrosion [Seite 253]
9.5.1 - 39.1 Uniform Corrosion [Seite 253]
9.5.1.1 - 39.1.1 Atmospheric Corrosion [Seite 254]
9.5.1.2 - 39.1.2 Corrosion in Water [Seite 256]
9.5.1.3 - 39.1.3 Underground or Soil Corrosion [Seite 257]
9.5.1.4 - 39.1.4 High Temperature Corrosion [Seite 258]
9.5.2 - 39.2 Non-Uniform Corrosion [Seite 259]
9.5.2.1 - 39.2.1 Galvanic Corrosion [Seite 259]
9.5.2.2 - 39.2.2 Crevice Corrosion [Seite 260]
9.5.2.3 - 39.2.3 Pitting Corrosion [Seite 261]
9.5.2.4 - 39.2.4 Selective Leaching or Selective Corrosion [Seite 262]
9.5.2.5 - 39.2.5 Filiform Corrosion [Seite 262]
9.5.2.6 - 39.2.6 Erosion Corrosion [Seite 262]
9.5.2.7 - 39.2.7 Cavitation Corrosion [Seite 263]
9.5.2.8 - 39.2.8 Abrasion Corrosion [Seite 264]
9.5.2.9 - 39.2.9 Stress Corrosion [Seite 264]
9.5.2.10 - 39.2.10 Intergranular Corrosion [Seite 265]
9.5.2.11 - 39.2.11 Caustic Embrittlement [Seite 266]
9.5.2.12 - 39.2.12 Hydrogen Embrittlement [Seite 266]
9.5.2.13 - 39.2.13 Corrosion Fatigue [Seite 268]
9.5.2.14 - 39.2.14 Fretting Corrosion [Seite 268]
9.5.2.15 - 39.2.15 Stray-current and Interference Corrosion [Seite 269]
9.5.2.16 - 39.2.16 Waterline Corrosion [Seite 269]
9.5.2.17 - 39.2.17 Microbial or Biocorrosion [Seite 269]
9.6 - 40 The Thermodynamics of Corrosion [Seite 271]
9.6.1 - 40.1 Gibbs Free Energy (?G) [Seite 271]
9.6.2 - 40.2 Passivity [Seite 272]
9.6.3 - 40.3 Pourbaix Diagrams [Seite 273]
9.6.3.1 - 40.3.1 Immunity Region [Seite 273]
9.6.3.2 - 40.3.2 Corrosion Regions [Seite 273]
9.6.3.3 - 40.3.3 Passivity Region [Seite 274]
9.6.4 - 40.4 Corrosion Equilibrium and Adsorptions [Seite 274]
9.6.5 - 40.5 Concentration Corrosion Cells [Seite 274]
9.6.6 - 40.6 Polarization [Seite 275]
9.6.6.1 - 40.6.1 Activation Polarization [Seite 276]
9.6.6.2 - 40.6.2 Concentration Polarization [Seite 276]
9.6.6.3 - 40.6.3 Ohmic Polarization [Seite 277]
9.6.7 - 40.7 Polarization Curves [Seite 277]
9.7 - 41 Corrosion Prevention and Protection [Seite 281]
9.7.1 - 41.1 Proper Design [Seite 282]
9.7.2 - 41.2 Choice of Material [Seite 283]
9.7.2.1 - 41.2.1 Naturally Occuring Protective Metal OxideFilms [Seite 283]
9.7.2.2 - 41.2.2 Purity of the Chemicals in theEnvironment [Seite 284]
9.7.2.3 - 41.2.3 Electrolyte Concentrations [Seite 284]
9.7.2.4 - 41.2.4 Nature of the Electrolyte [Seite 284]
9.7.2.5 - 41.2.5 Effect of Corrosion Products [Seite 284]
9.7.2.6 - 41.2.6 Temperature Variations [Seite 284]
9.7.2.7 - 41.2.7 Presence of Oxygen [Seite 284]
9.7.2.8 - 41.2.8 Oxygen Concentration Cells [Seite 284]
9.7.2.9 - 41.2.9 Interference Effects [Seite 284]
9.7.3 - 41.3 Protective Coatings [Seite 285]
9.7.3.1 - 41.3.1 Protective Oxide Films and Passivation [Seite 285]
9.7.3.2 - 41.3.2 Coatings with Metals, Alloys or Materialsthat are Conductors [Seite 285]
9.7.3.3 - 41.3.3 Coating with Inorganic Materials that areInsulators [Seite 287]
9.7.3.4 - 41.3.4 Coating with Organic Materials that areInsulators [Seite 287]
9.7.3.5 - 41.3.5 Sol-Gels (Ormosils) [Seite 288]
9.7.4 - 41.4 Changing the Environmental Factors that Accelerate Corrosion [Seite 291]
9.7.4.1 - 41.4.1 Reducing the Corrosivity of the Solution [Seite 292]
9.7.4.2 - 41.4.2 Inhibitors [Seite 292]
9.7.4.3 - 41.4.3 Types of Corrosion Inhibitors [Seite 295]
9.7.4.4 - 41.4.4 Chromates [Seite 295]
9.7.4.5 - 41.4.5 Oxyanions Analogous to Chromate [Seite 299]
9.7.4.6 - 41.4.6 Eliminating Galvanic Action [Seite 302]
9.7.5 - 41.5 Changing the Electrochemical Characteristic of the Metal Surface [Seite 302]
9.7.5.1 - 41.5.1 Anodic Protection [Seite 302]
9.7.5.2 - 41.5.2 Cathodic Protection [Seite 303]
9.8 - 42 Corrosion and Corrosion Prevention of Concrete Structures [Seite 313]
9.8.1 - 42.1 Concrete's Chemical Composition [Seite 313]
9.8.2 - 42.2 Corrosion Reactions of Concrete [Seite 314]
9.8.3 - 42.3 Factors Affecting Corrosion Rate in Reinforced Concrete Structures [Seite 314]
9.8.3.1 - 42.3.1 Effect of Concrete Composition [Seite 314]
9.8.3.2 - 42.3.2 Effect of Oxygen [Seite 315]
9.8.3.3 - 42.3.3 Effect of Humidity [Seite 315]
9.8.3.4 - 42.3.4 Effect of Temperature [Seite 316]
9.8.3.5 - 42.3.5 Effect of pH [Seite 316]
9.8.3.6 - 42.3.6 Effect of Chlorides [Seite 317]
9.8.3.7 - 42.3.7 Effect of Magnesium Ions [Seite 318]
9.8.4 - 42.4 Corrosion Measurements in Reinforced Concrete Structures [Seite 318]
9.8.4.1 - 42.4.1 Observational Methods [Seite 318]
9.8.4.2 - 42.4.2 Weight Loss Measurements [Seite 318]
9.8.4.3 - 42.4.3 Potential Diagrams [Seite 319]
9.8.4.4 - 42.4.4 Polarization Curves [Seite 319]
9.8.5 - 42.5 Corrosion Prevention of Reinforced Concrete [Seite 320]
9.8.5.1 - 42.5.1 Via Coatings [Seite 320]
9.8.5.2 - 42.5.2 Via Inhibitors [Seite 320]
9.8.5.3 - 42.5.3 Via Cathodic Protection [Seite 320]
9.9 - 43 Corrosion and Corrosion Prevention of Metallic Structures in Seawater [Seite 323]
9.9.1 - 43.1 Factors Affecting Corrosion Rate of Metallic Structures in Seawater [Seite 323]
9.9.1.1 - 43.1.1 Effect of Resistivity on Corrosion inSeawater [Seite 323]
9.9.1.2 - 43.1.2 Effect of pH on Corrosion in Seawater [Seite 323]
9.9.1.3 - 43.1.3 Effect of Temperature on Corrosion inSeawater [Seite 324]
9.9.1.4 - 43.1.4 Effect of Dissolved Oxygen Concentration [Seite 324]
9.9.1.5 - 43.1.5 Effect of Fluid Rate [Seite 325]
9.9.2 - 43.2 Cathodic Protection of Metallic Structures in the Sea [Seite 325]
9.9.2.1 - 43.2.1 Cathodic Protection of Ships [Seite 325]
9.9.2.2 - 43.2.2 Cathodic Protection of Pier Poles withGalvanic Anodes [Seite 326]
9.10 - 44 Corrosion and Corrosion Prevention in Petroleum Industry [Seite 327]
9.10.1 - 44.1 Chemicals that Cause Corrosion in Petroleum Industry [Seite 328]
9.10.1.1 - 44.1.1 Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) and Chlorides [Seite 328]
9.10.1.2 - 44.1.2 Hydrogen (H2) Gas [Seite 328]
9.10.1.3 - 44.1.3 Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) and Other SulfurCompounds [Seite 329]
9.10.1.4 - 44.1.4 Sulfuric Acid (H2SO4) [Seite 329]
9.10.1.5 - 44.1.5 Hydrogen Fluoride (HF) [Seite 330]
9.10.1.6 - 44.1.6 Carbon Dioxide (CO2) [Seite 330]
9.10.1.7 - 44.1.7 Dissolved Oxygen (O2) and Water (H2O) [Seite 330]
9.10.1.8 - 44.1.8 Organic Acids [Seite 331]
9.10.1.9 - 44.1.9 Nitrogen (N2) Compounds and Ammonia(NH3) [Seite 331]
9.10.1.10 - 44.1.10 Phenols [Seite 331]
9.10.1.11 - 44.1.11 Phosphoric Acid (H3PO4) [Seite 331]
9.10.1.12 - 44.1.12 Caustic Soda (NaOH) [Seite 332]
9.10.1.13 - 44.1.13 Mercury (Hg) [Seite 332]
9.10.1.14 - 44.1.14 Aluminum Chloride (AlCl3) [Seite 332]
9.10.1.15 - 44.1.15 Sulfate Reducing Bacteria (SRB) [Seite 332]
9.10.2 - 44.2 Petroleum or Crude Oil Pipeline Systems [Seite 332]
9.10.2.1 - 44.2.1 Cathodic Protection of Pipeline Systems [Seite 333]
9.10.2.2 - 44.2.2 Cathodic Protection of Airport FuelDistribution Lines [Seite 333]
9.10.3 - 44.3 Crude Oil or Petroleum Storage Tanks [Seite 333]
9.10.3.1 - 44.3.1 Cathodic Protection of Inner Surfaces ofCrude Oil Storage Tanks [Seite 334]
9.10.3.2 - 44.3.2 Corrosion Prevention [Seite 334]
9.11 - 45 Corrosion and Corrosion Prevention in Water Transportation and Storage Industry [Seite 335]
9.11.1 - 45.1 Water Pipeline Systems [Seite 335]
9.11.1.1 - 45.1.1 Water Pipelines Made of Iron and its Alloys [Seite 335]
9.11.1.2 - 45.1.2 Galvanized Water Pipelines [Seite 336]
9.11.1.3 - 45.1.3 Water Pipelines Made of Copper [Seite 336]
9.11.1.4 - 45.1.4 Water Pipelines Made of Brass [Seite 337]
9.11.1.5 - 45.1.5 Cathodic Protection of Water Pipelines [Seite 337]
9.11.2 - 45.2 Cooling Water Systems [Seite 337]
9.11.3 - 45.3 Potable Water Tanks [Seite 337]
9.11.4 - 45.4 Boilers [Seite 337]
9.11.4.1 - 45.4.1 Corrosion in Boilers [Seite 338]
9.11.4.2 - 45.4.2 Corrosion Prevention in Boilers [Seite 339]
9.11.4.3 - 45.4.3 Degassing [Seite 339]
9.11.4.4 - 45.4.4 Chemical Conditioning [Seite 339]
9.11.5 - 45.5 Geothermal Systems [Seite 340]
9.11.5.1 - 45.5.1 Corrosion in Geothermal Systems [Seite 340]
9.11.5.2 - 45.5.2 Corrosion Prevention in GeothermalSystems [Seite 341]
9.12 - References [Seite 343]
10 - Part 4 Questions and Answers [Seite 357]
10.1 - 46 Corrosion: Definition and History [Seite 359]
10.1.1 - Questions [Seite 359]
10.1.2 - Answers & Solutions [Seite 361]
10.1.3 - Answer Key [Seite 362]
10.2 - 47 Corrosion of Materials [Seite 363]
10.2.1 - Questions [Seite 363]
10.2.2 - Answers & Solutions [Seite 374]
10.2.3 - Answer Key [Seite 382]
10.3 - 48 Cost of Corrosion [Seite 383]
10.3.1 - Questions [Seite 383]
10.3.2 - Answers & Solutions [Seite 385]
10.3.3 - Answer Key [Seite 387]
10.4 - 49 Factors Influencing Corrosion [Seite 389]
10.4.1 - Questions [Seite 389]
10.4.2 - Answers & Solutions [Seite 393]
10.4.3 - Answer Key [Seite 398]
10.5 - 50 Corrosion Mechanisms [Seite 399]
10.5.1 - Questions [Seite 399]
10.5.2 - Answers & Solutions [Seite 401]
10.5.3 - Answer Key [Seite 404]
10.6 - 51 Types of Corrosion [Seite 405]
10.6.1 - Questions [Seite 405]
10.6.2 - Answers & Solutions [Seite 427]
10.6.3 - Answer Key [Seite 449]
10.7 - 52 Corrosion Prevention [Seite 451]
10.7.1 - Questions [Seite 451]
10.7.2 - Answers & Solutions [Seite 485]
10.7.3 - Answer Key [Seite 520]
10.8 - 53 Corrosion in Engineering Materials [Seite 521]
10.8.1 - Questions [Seite 521]
10.8.2 - Answers & Solutions [Seite 544]
10.8.3 - Answer Key [Seite 566]
10.9 - 54 Corrosion and Corrosion Prevention of Concrete Structures [Seite 569]
10.9.1 - Questions [Seite 569]
10.9.2 - Answers & Solutions [Seite 582]
10.9.3 - Answer Key [Seite 592]
10.10 - 55 Corrosion and Corrosion Prevention of Metallic Structures in Seawater [Seite 593]
10.10.1 - Questions [Seite 593]
10.10.2 - Answers & Solutions [Seite 596]
10.10.3 - Answer Key [Seite 598]
10.11 - 56 Corrosion and Corrosion Prevention in Petroleum Industry [Seite 599]
10.11.1 - Questions [Seite 599]
10.11.2 - Answers & Solutions [Seite 609]
10.11.3 - Answer Key [Seite 619]
10.12 - 57 Corrosion and Corrosion Prevention in Water Transportation and Storage Industry [Seite 621]
10.12.1 - Questions [Seite 621]
10.12.2 - Answers & Solutions [Seite 628]
10.12.3 - Answer Key [Seite 635]
10.13 - 58 Thermodynamics of Corrosion [Seite 637]
10.13.1 - Questions [Seite 637]
10.13.2 - Answers & Solutions [Seite 644]
10.13.3 - Answer Key [Seite 644]
10.14 - 59 Cathodic Protection [Seite 653]
10.14.1 - Questions [Seite 653]
10.14.2 - Answers & Solutions [Seite 666]
10.14.3 - Answer Key [Seite 678]
10.15 - 60 Sacrificial Anode or Galvanic Cathodic Protection Systems [Seite 679]
10.15.1 - Questions [Seite 679]
10.15.2 - Answers & Solutions [Seite 689]
10.15.3 - Answer Key [Seite 699]
10.16 - 61 Impressed Current Cathodic Protection Systems [Seite 701]
10.16.1 - Questions [Seite 701]
10.16.2 - Answers & Questions [Seite 711]
10.16.3 - Answer Key [Seite 720]
10.17 - 62 Cathodic Protection of Reinforced Concrete Steels [Seite 721]
10.17.1 - Questions [Seite 721]
10.17.2 - Answers & Solutions [Seite 725]
10.17.3 - Answer Key [Seite 728]
10.18 - 63 Cathodic Protection of Pipeline Systems [Seite 729]
10.18.1 - Questions [Seite 729]
10.18.2 - Answers & Solutions [Seite 735]
10.18.3 - Answer Key [Seite 740]
10.19 - 64 Cathodic Protection of Crude Oil or Petroleum Storage Tanks [Seite 741]
10.19.1 - Questions [Seite 741]
10.19.2 - Answers & Solutions [Seite 744]
10.19.3 - Answer Key [Seite 747]
10.20 - 65 Cathodic Protection of Metallic Structures in the Sea [Seite 749]
10.20.1 - Questions [Seite 749]
10.20.2 - Answers & Solutions [Seite 755]
10.20.3 - Answer Key [Seite 759]
11 - Index [Seite 761]
12 - EULA [Seite 769]

Systemvoraussetzungen

Als PDF speichern Als Link merken