Dust Explosion and Fire Prevention Handbook

About the Author xi
Preface xiii
1 Combustible Dusts 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Metrics 3
1.3 Size and Shape 6
1.4 Size Distribution 9
1.5 Why Some Dusts are Combustible 14
1.6 Common Causes of Dust Explosions and Risk Mitigation 16
1.7 Closing Remarks and Definitions 21
2 The Basics of Dust Explosions 29
2.1 Conditions for Dust Fires and Explosions 29
2.2 Primary and Secondary Dust Explosions 39
2.3 Explosions within Process Equipment 40
2.4 Other Examples of Catastrophic Incidents 52
2.5 Ignition Sensitivity 54
Recommended References 61
3 Factors Influencing Dust Explosibility 65
3.1 Introduction 65
3.2 Particle Size and Dust Concentration 66
3.3 Particle Volatility 66
3.4 Heats of Combustion 68
3.5 Explosive Concentrations and Ignition Energy 70
3.6 Classification of Dusts 73
3.7 Oxidant Concentration 75
3.8 Turbulence 76
3.9 Maximum Rate of Pressure Rise 77
3.10 Presence of Volatile and Flammable Gases 78
3.11 Limiting Oxygen Concentration 82
3.12 Important Definitions and Concepts 84
Recommended References 91
4 Explosion Prevention in Grain Dust Elevators 93
4.1 Introduction 93
4.2 Causes 95
4.3 Properties of Grain Dusts 98
4.4 Case Studies 102
4.5 Best Industry Practices 107
4.6 Osha Grain Handling Standard Audit Questionnaire 120
5 Coal Dust Explosibility and Coal Mining Operations 131
5.1 Introduction 131
5.2 Coal as a Fuel 132
5.3 Heat and Energy 134
5.4 Coal Dust Suspension, Confinement, Resuspension and Explosions 135
5.5 Processing Equipment Explosion Hazards 137
5.6 Coal Mining Operations and Safety 147
Recommended References 203
6 Preventing Fires and Explosions Involving Metals 207
6.1 Introduction 207
6.2 Combustibility Properties of Metals 208
6.3 Explosion Temperatures 215
6.4 Dry Powder (Class D Fires) 216
6.5 Case Studies 226
6.6 Good Industry Practices for Prevention and Risk Mitigation 246
6.7 Risk Screening Guidelines and Resources 265
Recommended References 272
7 Phlegmatization, Diluent Dusts, and the Use of Inert Gases 275
7.1 Introduction 275
7.2 Phlegmatization 276
7.3 Addition of Diluents 279
7.4 Application of Inert Gases 279
7.5 Case Study 289
8 Augmenting Risk Mitigation with Leak Detection and Repair 305
8.1 Introduction 305
8.2 Why Ldar Programs are Needed 306
8.3 Sources of Fugitive Air Discharges 307
8.4 Good Industry Practices 308
Appendix A: General Guidelines on Safe Work Practice 319
Glossary of Terms 349
Index 357