Ecology and Evolution of the Grass-Endophyte Symbiosis

Name: Ecology and Evolution of the Grass-Endophyte Symbiosis
Brand: OUP eBook
Price: 81.49 EUR
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Gregory P. Cheplick Stanley Faeth(Autor*in)

OUP eBook (Verlag)

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Erschienen am 23. Februar 2009

252 Seiten

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978-0-19-971900-6 (ISBN)

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Inhalt

Intro
Contents
1. Introduction: The Grass-Endophyte Symbiosis
1.1 Endophytic fungi and grasses
1.2 Ecological, evolutionary, and economic significance of endophytes
1.3 Mutualism, parasitism, or commensalism?
1.4 Assessment of endophyte infections in host populations
2. Effects of Endophytes on Their Hosts
2.1 Host growth and reproduction
2.1.1 Eliminating the endophyte
2.1.2 Growth
2.1.3 Photosynthetic physiology
2.1.4 Reproduction
2.2 Abiotic stress tolerance
2.2.1 Drought
2.2.2 Minerals
2.2.3 Other stresses
2.3 Competitive ability
3. Endophytes and Host-Plant Herbivore Relationships
3.1 Endophytes as defensive mutualists
3.1.1 Alkaloids-the key to herbivore resistance?
3.2 Effects on vertebrates
3.2.1 Agronomic grasses
3.2.2 Wild grasses
3.3 Invertebrate herbivory
3.4 Causes for variability in herbivore resistance
3.5 Antimicrobial effects of endophytes and their alkaloids
3.6 Herbivory and grass competitive interactions
3.7 Why don't all endophyte-host grass combinations produce diverse, highly toxic alkaloids?
3.8 Endophytes and tolerance to herbivory
3.9 Above- and belowground microbial interactions and herbivory
3.10 Do some endophytes facilitate herbivory on their hosts?
4. Genotypic Specificity of Grass-Endophyte Interactions
4.1 Host genotypes and interactions with endophytes
4.1.1 Agronomic grasses
4.1.2 Native grasses
4.2 Host phenotypic plasticity
4.3 Endophyte genotype
4.3.1 Haplotypes, strains, and races
4.3.2 Assessing endophyte genotypes
4.3.3 Effects on host growth and physiology
4.3.4 Genetic diversity
4.3.5 Host-adapted endophyte races
4.3.6 Multistrain infections and fungal hybridization
5. Evolutionary Ecology of Grass-Endophyte Interactions
5.1 Dynamics of host populations
5.1.1 Genet and ramet dynamics
5.1.2 A common garden experiment with perennial ryegrass
5.1.3 Genotypic sorting by natural selection
5.2 Explaining the persistence and infection frequency of endophytes in grass populations
5.2.1 Explaining low infection frequencies when endophytes are mutualistic
5.2.2 Explaining high infection frequencies when endophytes are nonmutualistic or variable in their effects
5.3 Coevolution of endophyte and host populations
5.3.1 Hybridization complicates the phylogenetic (and ecological) picture
5.3.2 Coevolution and population-level interactions
6. Community and Ecosystem Consequences of Grass Endophytes
6.1 Endophytes within the context of community genetics
6.2 Community effects
6.2.1 Plant diversity
6.2.2 Herbivore and natural enemy abundance and diversity
6.2.3 Trophic interactions
6.2.4 Spatial heterogeneity of E+ and E- plants, herbivory, and trophic interactions
6.3 The paradox of endophyte-associated plant defenses
6.3.1 More interacting plant species, more variation in endophyte-host outcomes
6.4. Community and ecosystem effects
6.4.1 Invasibility and productivity
6.4.2 Community change-succession
6.4.3 Decomposition and nutrient cycling
6.5 Conclusions
7. Future Directions
7.1 New information and future research
7.1.1 Extensions to other grass-endophyte systems
7.1.2 Do endophytic fungi really matter?
7.1.3 Host biology
7.1.4 Coevolutionary outcomes
7.1.5 Herbivory
7.1.6 Other interacting species and multitrophic interactions
7.1.7 The fungal perspective
7.1.8 Molecular ecology and evolution
7.2 Application of grass-endophyte research
7.2.1 Global environmental change
7.2.2 Ecology of invasive species
7.2.3 Ecological restoration
7.2.4 Emerging infectious disease
7.2.5 Agronomy and agroecosystems
7.3 Conclusions
References
Index
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