Phytopharmaceuticals

Name: Phytopharmaceuticals | Potential Therapeutic Applications
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Potential Therapeutic Applications

Durgesh Nandini Chauhan Kamal Shah(Herausgeber*in)

Wiley (Verlag)

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Erschienen am 13. Mai 2021

496 Seiten

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Inhalt

Intro
Table of Contents
Title Page
Copyright
Preface
1 A Great Challenge on the Reproducibility of Therapeutic Results of Phytopharmaceuticals
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Common Challenges in Phytopharmaceuticals
1.3 Strategy to Guarantee the Quality of Phytopharmaceutical
1.4 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
2 Ibero-American Network as a Collaborative Strategy to Provide Tools for the Development of Phytopharmaceuticals and Nutraceuticals
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Some Unexplored Botanicals From Ibero-America as Potential Sources of Bioactive Compounds
2.3 Technologies for Obtaining Stable Natural Bioactive Extracts
2.4 Multivariate Analysis for Phytopharmaceuticals Development
2.5 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
Abbreviations
References
3 Use of Hydrodistillation as a Green Technology to Obtain Essential Oils From Several Medicinal Plants Belonging to Lamiaceae (Mint) Family
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Essential Oils and Applied Extraction Techniques
3.3 Use of Hydrodistillation to Bridge the Nature With Novel Green Applications
3.4 Specific Gravities of Essential Oils as Related to Their Chemical Compositions
3.5 Use of Microwave-Assisted Hydrodistillation in the Extraction of Essential Oils From Ziziphora (A Case Study)
3.6 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
Acknowledgements
References
4 The Hidden Danger in Phytopharmaceuticals: Adulteration
4.1 Introduction
4.2 What is Adulteration in Plants and Phytopharmaceuticals?
4.3 Standardization and Quality in Medicinal Plants and Phytopharmaceuticals
4.4 Adulteration in Phytopharmaceuticals With Synthetic Drugs
4.5 How to Analyze Adulteration in Phytopharmaceuticals?
4.6 Future Perspective for Phytopharmaceuticals
4.7 Conclusion
References
5 Medicinal Plants from the Balkan Peninsula-From Traditional To Modern Pharmacy/Medicine
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Calendula officinalis L.
5.3 Taraxacum officinale
5.4 Hypericum perforatum L.
5.5 Conclusion
Acknowledgement
List of Abbreviations
References
6 Plant-Based Peptides With Biological Properties
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Production of Plant-Based Peptides
6.3 Bioactive Plant-Based Peptides
6.4 Conclusion
List of Abbreviations
References
7 Potential of Flavonoids as Anticancer Drugs
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Causes of Cancer
7.3 Synthetic and Natural Chemotherapeutic Drugs
7.4 Biosynthesis of Flavonoids
7.5 Flavonoid Chemistry
7.6 Mode of Action of Plant-Based Anticancer Compounds
7.7 Conclusions
References
8 Phytomedicine Against Infectious Diseases
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Names, Sources, and Types of Phytomedicines in Use in the Modern World
8.3 Chemical Moieties Responsible for the Inhibitory Activity of Different Phytomedicines on Different Organisms
8.4 Phytomedicines in Use Against Bacterial, Viral and Protozoan Diseases
8.5 Conclusion
References
9 Herbal Traditional Remedies for Male Infertility
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Application of Indian Traditional Medicine (Ayurveda) for Male Infertility
9.3 The Significant Role of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Male Infertility Management
9.4 Iranian/Persian Traditional Medicine (ITM) Restores Male Fertility
9.5 Traditional Korean Medicine and Male Infertility
9.6 Traditional African Medicine in the Treatment of Male Infertility
9.7 Conclusion
References
10 The Therapeutic Applications of Phytopharmaceuticals in Dentistry
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Historical Development of Phytopharmaceuticals in Dentistry
10.3 Phytochemical Contents of Plants
10.4 Dental Materials of Plant Origin
10.5 Phytotherapeutics in Dentistry
10.6 Conclusion
References
11 Prevention of Vascular Endothelial Dysfunction by Polyphenols: Role in Cardiovascular Disease Prevention
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Endothelial Dysfunction and Cardiovascular Disease
11.3 Inflammation and Endothelial Cell Dysfunction Associated With Arteriosclerosis in Endothelial Cells
11.4 Preventive Effects of Resveratrol on Endothelial Dysfunction
11.5 Preventive Effects of EGCG on Endothelial Dysfunction
11.6 Preventive Effects of Quercetin on Endothelial Dysfunction
11.7 Preventive Effects of Chlorogenic Acid on Endothelial Dysfunction
11.8 Conclusion
References
12 Quercetin-Rebuttal Behavior in Male Reproductive Potential
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Quercetin as Antioxidants
12.3 Quercetin, In Vitro Antioxidant Activity
12.4 Quercetin Metabolism With In Vitro and In Vivo Antioxidant Activity of its Metabolites
12.5 Quercetin as Pro-Oxidant
12.6 Quercetin, Phenoxyl Radicals Oxidation
12.7 Impairment of Respiration of Mitochondria by Quercetin
12.8 Quercetin, Low Molecular Weight Antioxidant Oxidation
12.9 Quercetin Damage Directly DNA
12.10 Spermatogenesis and Oxidative Stress
12.11 Quercetin and Male Reproduction
12.12 Amelioration of Male Reproductive Dysfunction by Quercetin
12.13 Contradictory Reports of Quercetin With Respect to Male Reproductive Potential
12.14 Conclusion
References
13 Traditional Uses and Bioactivities of Common Rubus Species With Reference to Cancer: A Mini-Review
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Traditional Uses of Common Rubus Species
13.3 Biological Activity Studies of Rubus Extracts
13.4 Bioactive Compounds From Rubus Species
13.5 Rubus as an Antitumor Agent
13.6 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
14 Therapeutic Compounds From Brown Seaweeds: Antitumor Properties on Various Cancers and Their Mechanisms of Action
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Type of Bioactive Compounds From Brown Algae
14.3 Type of Cancer and Molecular Action Mechanisms
14.4 Conclusion
References
15 Medicinal Plants and Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Clinical Manifestations of PCOS
15.3 Importance of Phenotypes in PCOS
15.4 Conventional Therapies for PCOS Treatment
15.5 Herbal Medicine and PCOS
15.6 Conclusion
List of Abbreviations & Symbols
References
16 The Potential Role of Phytochemical in Establishing Prophylactic Measurements Against Neurological Diseases
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Focused Neurological Disorder for Herbal Promises
16.3 Conclusion
References
17 Immunomodulatory Activity of Cannabinoids: From Abuse to Therapy
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Immunity System, Related Diseases and Current Therapeutic Options
17.3 Historical and Traditional Uses of Cannabis Herb
17.4 Chemistry of Cannabinoids
17.5 Pharmacology of Phytocannabinoids
17.6 Conclusion
References
18 Botany, Geographical Distribution, Phytochemistry and Phytopharmaceutical Potential of Rheum emodi Wall. ex Meisn.: An Overview
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Botany and Taxonomic Status of R. emodi
18.3 Origin and Geographical Distribution of R. emodi
18.4 Phyto Constituents of R. emodi
18.5 Traditional Uses of R. emodi
18.6 Pharmaceutically Active Biomolecules of R. emodi
18.7 Conclusion
18.8 Future Prospective
Acknowledgements
References
19 Taxonomic Status, Phytochemical Constituents and Pharmaceutical Active Components of Genus Alseodaphne: A Literature Update
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Botany and Taxonomic Status of Some Important Members of Alseodaphne
19.3 Origin and Geographical Distribution of Some Important Members of Genus Alseodaphne
19.4 Phytochemical Studies of a Few Important Members of Alseodaphne
19.5 Traditional and Pharmaceutical Importance of Some Important Members of Alseodaphne
19.6 Future Prospective
19.7 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
20 Bioactive Compounds From Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi and Their Potential Health Benefits
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Search Strategies
20.3 Bioactive Compounds
20.4 Biological Activities
20.5 Toxicity
20.6 Conclusion and Future Considerations
Acknowledgements
References
21 Composition and Biological Properties of Rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum)
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Chemical Characterization
21.3 Biological Properties
21.4 Toxicity Aspects
21.5 Conclusion
References
22 Phytochemicals and Health: An Update
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Health Effect of Phytochemicals
22.3 Advanced Analysis of Phytochemicals
22.4 Conclusion
References
Index
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Preface

The term "phytopharmaceutical" is derived from a combination of two words; phyto, referring to plant and pharmaceutical referring to medicinal drugs. Medicinal plants have been used in traditional medicine practices since prehistoric times. These plants contain a variety of bioactive components-also known as phytochemicals-in the various parts of plants, i.e., stems, leaves, fruits and flowers. These components supplement the needs of the systems of the human body. This book covers a range of topics concerning the bioactive compounds from medicinal plants, including how bioactive molecules are isolated from medicinal plants; their available sources, biochemistry, structural composition and potential biological activities; and the importance of the application of phytopharmaceutical molecules from a health perspective. Also covered are pharmacological aspects of medicinal plants; the phytochemistry and biological activities of different natural products; ethnobotany and medicinal properties; a novel dietary approach for the management of various diseases and its therapeutic potential; and the importance of plant-derived pharmaceuticals and their potential range of application in different food and pharma industries.

Diverse technical facets of phytopharmaceuticals for potential use in systems of the human body are highlighted in this book, supplemented by oceans of information on food science and technology. We anticipate that this compilation will be suitable for scholars and researchers working in the academic field as well as those in the food, nutraceuticals and herbal trades. Included in the 22 chapters of the book is information on the following topics:

Chapter 1 deals with the screening of phytopharmaceuticals responsible for therapeutic efficacy. Also discussed are the techniques required for phytopharmaceutical quality control. Moreover, the chapter highlights the active ingredients of phytopharmaceuticals and their alignment with quantity estimation so that the therapeutic efficacy of herbs can be established.

Chapter 2 highlights the characterization of natural ingredients which have a wide range of uses in pharmaceutical, food and even cosmetic industries. It deals with extraction and covers implementation of adequate extraction techniques, the standardization of analytical procedures, and possible modifications for optimum release kinetics. An attempt is made to cover every aspect that could be effectively employed for nutraceutical, pharmaceutical or cosmetic applications.

Chapter 3 covers the extraction kinetics of essential oils and bioactives, with a particular emphasis on plants from the Lamiaceae family. A case study utilizing hydrodistillation and microwave-assisted hydrodistillation to obtain essential oils from Ziziphora clinopodioides Lam is presented in this chapter, which also covers experimental aspects of their extraction. In addition, certain properties and potential applications of the extracted volatiles are elucidated.

Chapter 4 deals with the adulteration in plant products. The chapter aims to integrate the regulation of good agricultural practice (GAP) and good manufacturing practice (GMP) to produce high-quality phytopharmaceuticals which are unadulterated, clean and in compliance with standards. Following a discussion on safe and effective phytopharmaceuticals, there is a discussion on the prevention of problems encountered due to adulteration.

Chapter 5 is an overview of some of the most commonly used traditional herbal remedies from the Balkan Peninsula. The plants described in this chapter have a long tradition of being used in folk medicine. These plants were first used extensively for the treatment of wounds and various injuries, and their application was mainly based on their anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and keratolytic activity. The achieved results justified their utilization in traditional medicine, but also show their great potential for inclusion in modern preparations and official medication.

Chapter 6 discusses the production and application of bioactive peptides from plants, with a focus on their biological properties. The chapter deals with studies evaluating the production processes, functionality, and application of peptides, which provide more information on these peptides as important agents that have the potential to be used in medical, pharmaceutical, and food industries.

Chapter 7 deals with flavonoids and their potential in cancer treatment. The aim of this chapter is to generate various ideas that may be helpful in developing effective dietary strategies for cancer patients to manage and treat the disease.

Chapter 8 reports the use of phytomedicines, either by using extracts or different formulations, which is a long-standing practice for the management of contagious ailments. A powerful natural alternative in the form of phytomedicine may provide a sustainable and cost-effective solution.

Chapter 9 discusses the various traditional herbal remedies for male infertility. Various clinical and representative studies in animal or human models or in vitro are described that were found to be useful to estimate the broad potential aspects of medicinal herbs used in traditional practices to treat male infertility.

Chapter 10 highlights the current information available on phytopharmaceuticals used in dentistry. In light of scientific studies on the benefits of plant derivatives, information about integrating phytopharmaceuticals with today's technology in the treatment of oral diseases is provided for dentists and their patients.

Chapter 11 describes the effects of plant polyphenols, particularly resveratrol, EGCG, quercetin, and chlorogenic acid, on endothelial functions. The chapter provides the latest information on the mechanism underlying the effects of these polyphenols on vascular endothelial cells with respect to cardiovascular disease (CVD) prevention.

Chapter 12 sheds light on the paradoxical behavior of quercetin both in vitro and in vivo. It also determines the role quercetin plays in male reproductive system disorders. The future direction and limitation of quercetin for those with male reproductive dysfunction are also thoroughly discussed.

Chapter 13 focuses on various medical applications of Rubus species, their traditional uses, and the bioactive compounds responsible for their activities with special reference to cancer. The benefits derived from raspberry consumption have been attributed to their polyphenols, flavonoids, anthocyanins, ellagitannins, and vitamin C content. In-vitro studies conducted on the antioxidant capacity of Rubus species reported varying concentrations of phenolic compounds and their differential effects on cancer cells.

Chapter 14 incorporates the studies performed on the therapeutic effects of bioactive compounds derived from brown seaweeds. This review focuses on the structural diversity of these compounds and the molecular signal pathway mechanisms of their action. Also discussed is a therapeutic approach using both conventional anti-cancer drugs and these compounds as chemotherapeutic agents for the treatment of cancer.

Chapter 15 describes the role of various herbal extracts and plant compounds in polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). As treatment options for PCOS are currently very limited, offering only palliative care, this chapter demonstrates that phytochemicals from various medicinal plants possess the ability to reduce the adverse effects occurring from the consumption of pharmaceutical drugs.

Chapter 16 focuses on the potential of herbs in the field of neurological disorders. It deals with virtual screening for a prospective ligand that could provide phytopharmaceuticals of therapeutic importance for respective neurological diseases. In-silico studies suggest that these natural and safe ligands can be used with fewer or no complications or side effects.

Chapter 17 highlights the role of the endocannabinoid system in controlling the immunological response, history, traditional uses and chemistry of cannabinoids. The authors report on the molecular pharmacology of two important constituents of cannabis, ?9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol, which could be better agents for the management of autoimmune diseases.

Chapter 18 evaluates Rheum emodi Wall, a medicinal herb belonging to the family Polygonaceae. The botanical and taxonomic status of R. emodi is discussed, highlighting its origin and geographical distribution, and enlisting its various phytoconstituents and pharmaceutical potential.

Chapter 19 covers the genus Alseodaphne belonging to the family Lauraceae (the fifth largest botanical family). The authors selected eight members of this genus and discuss the botany, taxonomic status, origin and geographical distribution of each species. Species-wise phytoconstituents and pharmaceutically active metabolites were also enlisted.

Chapter 20 provides information about the chemical constituents of Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi, its potential application as a bioactive compound in food, and its health benefits.

Chapter 21 focuses on the fruit of Nephelium lappaceum L., more specifically on its centesimal composition, phytochemical content and biological properties. In particular, the antioxidant, antimicrobial, antidiabetogenic, anti-obesogenic, other health improvements and toxicological characteristics are described.

Chapter 22 highlights the significant role that phytopharmaceuticals...

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