Natural Oral Care in Dental Therapy

Name: Natural Oral Care in Dental Therapy
Brand: Wiley-ISTE
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Durgesh Nandini Chauhan Prabhu Raj Singh Kamal Shah Nagendra Singh Chauhan(Herausgeber*in)

Wiley-ISTE (Verlag)

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Erschienen am 11. Februar 2020

448 Seiten

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`Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
Preface
Foreword
Part I Natural Oral Care
Chapter 1 Natural Oral Care in Dental Therapy: Current and Future Prospects
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Safety of Natural Oral Care
1.3 Advantage of Natural Oral Care
1.4 Limitations of Natural Oral Care
1.5 Future Prospects of Natural Oral Care
References
Chapter 2 Herbal Products for Oral Hygiene: An Overview of Their Biological Activities
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Oral Hygiene and Current Treatments
2.3 Plants Traditionally Used in Oral Hygiene
2.4 Clinically-Studied Plant Products for Oral Hygiene
2.5 In Vitro-Studied Herbal Products for Oral Hygiene
2.6 Discussion
2.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 3 Go Green-Periodontal Care in the Natural Way
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Plaque Control
3.3 Dant Dhavani (Brushing)
3.4 Jivha Lekhana (Tongue Scrapping)
3.5 Gandusha (Gargling) or Oil Pulling
3.6 Oxidative Stress in Periodontitis
3.7 Green Tea
3.7.1 Components
3.7.2 Beneficial Effects of Various Tea Components
3.7.2.1 Antioxidative Effect
3.7.3 Role in Managing Periodontitis
3.8 Turmeric (Curcumin longa, Haldi)
3.8.1 Applications of Turmeric in Dentistry
3.9 Amala (Emblica officinalis, Amalaki, Phyllanthus emblica, Indian Gooseberry, Dhatriphala)
3.10 Anar/Dalima (Punica granatum)
3.11 Launga/Clove (Syzygium aromaticum)
3.12 Gotu Kola (Centella asiatica)
3.13 Amra/Mango (Magnifera indica)
3.14 Neem (Azadirachta indica)
3.15 Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum)
3.16 Nilgiri (Eucalyptus globulus)
3.17 Tila/Sesame (Sesamum indicum)
3.18 Triphala
3.19 Tea Tree Oil (Melaleuca Oil)
3.20 Rumi Mastagi/Mastic Gum (Pistacia lentiscus)
3.21 Wheat Grass
3.22 Goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis)
3.23 Licorice Root
3.24 Myrrh (Commiphora glileadenis)
3.25 Psidium guajava
3.26 Ginkbo Biloba
3.27 Honey
3.28 Other Herbs Which Can Be Potentially Used for Treating Periodontitis
3.29 Conclusion
References
Chapter 4 Role of Herbal and Natural Products in the Management of Potentially Malignant Oral Disorders
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Oral Submucous Fibrosis (OSMF)
4.2.1 Background
4.2.2 Beta-Carotene
4.2.3 Lycopene
4.2.4 Aloe Vera
4.2.5 Colchicine
4.2.6 Tea Pigments
4.2.7 Spirulina
4.2.8 Chinese Herbal Medicines
4.2.9 Turmeric and Derivatives, Nigella sativa, Ocimum
4.2.10 Polyherbal Formulations
4.2.11 Ayurvedic Formulations
4.2.12 Conclusion
4.3 Oral Leukoplakia (OL)
4.3.1 Background
4.3.2 Green Tea and Extracts
4.3.3 Beta-Carotene (ßC)
4.3.4 Lycopene
4.3.5 Curcumin
4.3.6 Miscellaneous
4.3.6.1 Alpha-Tocopherol
4.3.6.2 Chinese Herbs
4.3.6.3 Bowman-Birk Inhibitor Concentrate (BBIC)
4.3.7 Conclusion
4.4 Oral Lichen Planus (OLP)
4.4.1 Conclusion
References
Part II Studies of Plants Used in Dental Disease
Chapter 5 Studies on the Anticariogenic Potential of Medicinal Plant Seed and Fruit Extracts
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Materials and Methods
5.2.1 Plant Materials
5.2.2 Preparation of Plant Seed and Fruit Extracts
5.2.3 Cariogenic Bacterial Strains
5.2.4 Preparation of Inoculums
5.2.5 Anticariogenic Activity Screening of Plant Extracts
5.2.5.1 Agar Well Diffusion Assay
5.2.5.2 Determination of Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC)
5.2.6 Preliminary Phytochemical Analysis
5.2.7 Analytical Thin Layer Chromatography
5.2.8 TLC-Bioautography
5.3 Result and Discussion
5.3.1 MIC Value of Effective Plant Extracts
5.3.2 Phytochemical Screening and Bioautography
5.4 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 6 Cytotoxic and Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Turmeric and Aloe Vera in a Gingivitis Model
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Gingivitis and Periodontitis
6.3 Aloe Vera
6.3.1 Aloe Vera for Gingivitis and Periodontitis
6.3.2 Aloe Vera: Other Oral Applications
6.4 Turmeric
6.4.1 Turmeric for Gingivitis and Periodontitis
6.4.2 Turmeric: Other Oral Applications
6.5 Methodology
6.5.1 Materials and Methods
6.5.1.1 Authorization
6.5.1.2 Cell Culture
6.5.1.3 Cell Subculture
6.5.1.4 Cytotoxicity Test
6.5.1.5 Anti-Inflammatory Activity in a Gingivitis Model
6.5.1.6 Statistical Analysis
6.5.2 Results
6.5.2.1 Cytotoxicity
6.5.2.2 Anti-Inflammatory Activity in a Gingivitis Model
6.5.3 Discussion
6.5.3.1 Cytotoxicity
6.5.3.2 Anti-Inflammatory Activity
6.6 Perspectives for the Future
6.7 Conclusions
References
Chapter 7 Effects of Bauhinia forficata Link in Reducing Streptococcus mutans Biofilm on Teeth
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Materials and Methods
7.2.1 Recognition, Production, and Chemical Characterization of Ethanolic Tincture From B. forficata L. Leaves
7.2.2 Microbial Strains and Preparation of Inoculum
7.2.3 Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC)
7.2.4 Kill-Kinetic Assay
7.2.5 Cytotoxic Potential
7.2.6 Tooth Selection and Preparation for Microbiologic Assay Using an S. mutans Biofilm
7.2.7 Statistical Analysis
7.3 Results and Discussion
7.4 Final Considerations
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 8 Antimicrobial Effect of a Cardamom Ethanolic Extract on Oral Biofilm: An Ex Vivo Study
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Materials and Methods
8.2.1 Cardamom Extract Production
8.2.2 Physical Analyses
8.2.3 Bacterial Strains and Determination of Minimum Inhibitory Concentration and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration
8.2.4 Salivary Collection for Biofilm Formation (Ex Vivo Experiment)
8.2.5 Biofilm Formation and Treatment
8.2.6 Statistical Analyses
8.3 Results and Discussion
8.4 Final Considerations
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 9 Effect of Punica granatum Peel Extract on Growth of Candida albicans in Oral Mucosa of Diabetic Male Rats
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Materials and Methods
9.2.1 Hydro-Methanolic Extract
9.2.2 Candida albicans Inoculation
9.2.3 Animal
9.2.4 Statistical Analysis
9.3 Results and Discussion
9.4 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
Part III: Applications of Natural Products in Oral Care
Chapter 10 Effect of Oil Pulling on Oral Health
10.1 Introduction
10.2 What is Oil Pulling (Snaihik Gandoosh)?
10.3 How Does Oil Pulling Work?
10.4 Composition and Various Activities of Most Commonly Used Oils for Oil Pulling
10.4.1 Sesame Oil
10.4.1.1 Antioxidant Activity
10.4.1.2 Antimicrobial Activity
10.4.2 Coconut Oil
10.4.2.1 Antibacterial, Antifungal, and Antiviral Activity
10.4.2.2 Antinociceptive, Anti-Inflammatory, Antioxidant, and Anti-Ulcer Activity
10.5 Procedure of Oil Pulling
10.6 Effects of Oil Pulling on Oral Health
10.6.1 Dental Caries
10.6.2 Plaque-Induced Gingivitis
10.6.3 Halitosis
10.6.4 Oral Thrush
10.6.5 Xerostomia and Burning Mouth Syndrome
10.7 Drawbacks of Oil Pulling
References
Chapter 11 Role of Proteolytic Enzymes in Dental Care
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Role of Proteolytic Enzymes in Oral Surgery
11.2.1 Post-Extraction Management
11.2.2 Post-Surgical Facial Ecchymosis and/or Edema
11.2.3 Enhanced Action of Antibiotics
11.2.4 Effect of Bromelain on Blood Coagulation and Fibrinolysis
11.3 Role of Proteolytic Enzymes in Cancer and Oral Mucositis
11.3.1 Cancer
11.3.2 Management in Oral Mucositis
11.4 Osteoarthritis
11.5 Anti-Microbial Action
11.6 Treatment of Dental Carious Lesions
11.6.1 Laboratory Studies
11.6.2 Clinical Studies
11.7 Improvement in Bonding of Orthodontics Brackets
11.8 Role on Biofilm Control (Plaque, Gingivitis, and Oral Malodor)
11.9 Extrinsic Stain Removal on the Teeth
11.10 Role in Replantation of the Avulsed Tooth
11.11 Effect of Bromelain on Immunogenicity
11.12 Other Possible Applications and Scope for Future Research
References
Chapter 12 The Effect of Probiotics on Oral Health
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Overview of Oral Communities and Probiotic-Based Therapy to Oral Dysbiosis
12.3 Probiotics Mechanisms of Action
12.4 Dental Caries
12.4.1 Definition and Etiopathology
12.4.2 Probiotics and Dental Caries
12.4.3 Probiotic-Contained Dairy Products and Dental Caries
12.4.4 Probiotic Powder and Dental Caries
12.4.5 Probiotic Tablets and Lozenges and Dental Caries
12.4.6 Probiotic Mouthwashes and Dental Caries
12.5 Periodontal Disease
12.5.1 Definition and Etiopathology
12.5.2 Probiotics and Periodontal Diseases
12.6 Oral Candidiasis
12.6.1 Definition and Etiopathology
12.6.2 Probiotics and Oral Candidiasis
12.7 Halitosis
12.7.1 Definition and Etiopathology
12.7.2 Probiotics and Halitosis
12.8 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 13 Charcoal in Dentistry
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Charcoal Production Methods
13.2.1 The Traditional Method
13.2.2 The Modern Methods
13.3 Uses of Charcoal
13.3.1 Medicinal Uses
13.3.2 Non-Medicinal Uses
13.4 Charcoal Containing Oral and Dental Care Products
13.5 Benefits of Using Charcoal Containing Oral and Dental Care Products
13.5.1 Removes Stains and Whitens Teeth
13.5.2 Removes Acidic Plaque
13.5.3 Gives Fresh Breath and Improves Halitosis
13.5.4 Remineralize Teeth
13.5.5 Helps Overall Dental Health
13.5.6 Protects From Infection
13.5.7 Cost Effective for Regular Basis Use
13.6 Precautions to be Taken While Using Charcoal Containing Oral and Dental Care Products
13.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 14 Propolis Benefits in Oral Health
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Types of Propolis
14.2.1 Brown Propolis
14.2.2 Green Propolis
14.2.3 Red Propolis
14.3 Biological Properties of Propolis
14.3.1 Oral Antibacterial Activity
14.3.2 Oral Antifungal Activity
14.4 Other Biological Properties of Propolis
14.4.1 Anti-Inflammatory Activity
14.4.2 Antioxidant Activity
14.4.3 Anticancer Activity
14.5 Benefits for Oral Health and Applications in Dentistry
14.6 Final Considerations
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 15 Grape Seed Extracts in Dental Therapy
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Part I: Basics About Grape Seed Extracts
15.2.1 Components of Grape Seed Extracts
15.2.2 Chemical Structure
15.2.3 Types of GSEs
15.2.4 Methods of Separation
15.2.5 Factors Influencing the Quality and Quantity of Polyphenols in the GSEs
15.2.6 Physical Properties of Polyphenols
15.2.7 Biochemical Properties (Biological and Pharmacological) of polyphenols
15.3 Part II: Biological Applications in Dentistry
15.3.1 GSEs in Dental Caries
15.3.2 Anti-Erosive Agent (Prevention of Enamel Erosion)
15.3.3 Antiplaque Effect
15.3.4 Antibacterial Agent
15.3.5 Biomodifier
15.3.6 GSEs as a Remineralizing Agent-Existing Dilemma
15.4 GSEs in Restorative Dentistry
15.4.1 GSEs as a Cross-Linking Agent
15.4.2 GSE in Bonding
15.5 GSEs in Endodontic Treatment
15.5.1 Endodontic Irrigants
15.5.2 Post Endodontic Restorations
15.6 GSEs in Periodontics
15.6.1 Anti-Inflammatory Action in Periodontitis
15.6.2 Anti-Oxidative Action in Periodontitis
15.6.3 Antibacterial Action Against Periodontal Pathogens
15.6.4 Antimicrobial Activity in Peri-Implantitis
15.7 GSEs in Oral Cancer
15.8 Conclusion
References
Chapter 16 Ocimum Sanctum L: Promising Agent for Oral Health Care Management
16.1 Introduction
16.2 History of Ocimum sanctum
16.3 Chemical Constituents of Ocimum sanctum
16.4 Therapeutic Significance of Ocimum in Dental Health and Preventive Care Management
16.5 Novel Drug Delivery Formulations and Its Application in Dentistry
16.5.1 Nanofibers
16.5.2 ß-Cyclodextrin Complexes
16.5.3 Biocompatible Ocimum sanctum-Coated Silver Nanoparticles
16.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 17 Coconut Palm (Cocos nucifera L.): A Natural Gift to Humans for Dental Ministration
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Traditional Usage and Ethnopharmacological Relevance
17.3 Pharmacological Properties of Coconut
17.4 Role of a Coconut Tree in Dental Ministrations
17.5 Exemplary Potential of Coconut Water in Dentistry
17.6 Other Significance of Coconut
17.6.1 Economic Value of Coconut Leaves
17.6.2 Use of Coconut Heart
17.6.3 Significance of Spathe and Inflorescence
17.6.4 Potential of Coconut Fruits
17.6.5 Usage of Coconut Milk
17.6.6 Importance of Coconut Shell
17.6.7 Commercial Usage of Husk Fibers
17.6.8 Economic Importance of Coconut Stems
17.6.9 Convention of Coconut Roots
17.7 Active Constituent Identified from Coconut
17.8 Future Prospective
17.9 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 18 Salvadora persica L. (Miswak): An Effective Folklore Toothbrush
18.1 Introduction
18.2 History
18.3 Chemical Constituents
18.4 Extraction, Isolation, Identification of Chemical Constituents
18.5 Pharmacology-Therapeutic Activity of Salvadora persica L.
18.5.1 Theories for Miswak Activities
18.5.2 Antibacterial and Antifungal
18.5.3 Anti-Viral Effect
18.5.4 Anti-Cariogenic Effect
18.5.5 Antiplaque Effect
18.5.6 Antiperiodontitis Effect
18.5.7 Whitening Effect
18.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 19 Triphala and Oral Health
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Taxonomical Classification
19.3 Chief Phytoconstituents
19.4 Role of Triphala in Dentistry (Table 19.1)
19.4.1 Anti-Caries Activity
19.4.2 Triphala as a Root Canal Irrigant
19.4.3 Anti-Microbial and Anti-Oxidant Effect of Triphala
19.4.4 Role of Triphala in Periodontal Diseases
19.4.5 Triphala as a Mouth Rinse
19.4.6 Anti-Candida Activity of Triphala
19.4.7 Anti-Collagenase Activity of Triphala
19.5 Pharmacological Activities of Triphala and Future Research
19.5.1 Anticancer and Antioxidant Activity of Triphala
19.5.2 Wound Healing Properties
19.5.3 Antibacterial Activity of Triphala
19.5.4 Anti-Diabetic Effect
19.5.5 Anti-Inflammatory, Analgesic, and Antipyretic Effect
19.5.6 Immunomodulatory Effect
19.6 Public Health Importance
19.7 Formulation Using Triphala
19.8 Conclusion
References
Chapter 20 Azadirachta indica (Neem): An Ancient Indian Boon to the Contemporary World of Dentistry
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Vital Bioactive Compounds of Neem
20.2.1 Nimbidin
20.2.2 Azadirachtin
20.2.3 Nimbolide
20.2.4 Gedunin
20.2.5 Mahmoodin
20.2.6 Tannins
20.2.7 Diterpenoids
20.3 How to Distinguish Azadirachta Indica (Neem) from its Common Adulterant Melia Azedarach
20.4 Therapeutic Applications of Neem
20.4.1 Neem as an Anti-Inflammatory, Analgesic Agent
20.4.2 Antioxidant Activity
20.4.3 Anticancerous Activity
20.4.4 Antimicrobial Activity
20.4.4.1 Antibacterial Activity
20.4.4.2 Antiviral Activity
20.4.4.3 Antifungal Activity
20.4.4.4 Antimalarial Activity
20.4.5 Wound Healing Effect
20.5 Applications of Neem in Dentistry
20.5.1 Neem in Treatment of Periodontal Diseases
20.5.2 Role of Neem in Endodontics
20.5.3 Potent Role of Neem in Preventive Dentistry
20.5.3.1 Application in Dental Erosion Therapy
20.5.3.2 Anti-Microbial Activity
20.5.3.3 Anticaries Activity of Neem
20.5.3.4 Anti-Candidiasis Property
20.5.3.5 Anti-Cancer Property
20.6 Literature Supporting the Use of Neem in Dentistry
20.7 Toxicity and Safety
20.8 Contamination and Adulteration
20.9 Drug Interactions
20.10 Neem's Prospects in Dentistry
20.11 Action Points and Recommendations for Health Care Professionals
20.12 Conclusion
References
Chapter 21 Ginger in Oral Care
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Description
21.3 Macroscopic Characteristics
21.4 Pharmacognostic Standards
21.5 Nutrient Composition
21.6 Pharmacological and Medicinal Effects
21.6.1 Oral Analgesic Effect
21.6.2 Antimicrobial Effect
21.6.3 Anti-Carries Activity
21.6.4 Anti-Decay Effect
21.6.5 Healing Effect in Root Canal Therapy
21.6.6 Anti-Xerostomia Effect
21.6.7 Anti-Pyorrhea Effect
21.6.8 Anti-Thrush
21.6.9 Anti-Herpes Effect
21.6.10 Tooth Polishing
21.6.11 Mouth Deodorizing Effect
21.6.12 Anticancer Effect
21.6.13 Protection Against Aphthous Stomatitis
21.6.14 Effect on Dentin Hardness
21.7 Pharmacokinetics
21.8 Toxicological Studies
21.9 Conclusion
References
Chapter 22 Effectiveness of Allium sativum on Bacterial Oral Infection
22.1 Introduction
22.1.1 History and Origin of Garlic
22.1.2 Medicinal Values of Garlic
22.2 Types of Allium sativum
22.2.1 Allium sativum Ophisocorodon/Hard-Necked Garlic
22.2.2 Allium sativum Sativum/Soft-Necked Garlic
22.3 Chemical Constituents
22.3.1 Allicin
22.3.2 Ajoenes
22.3.3 Alliin
22.4 Dental Infections and Epidemiology
22.5 Dental Infection and Antibiotic Resistance
22.6 The Antibacterial Application of Garlic in Dentistry
22.6.1 The Use of Garlic to Treat Oral Infections
22.6.1.1 Periodontitis
22.6.1.2 Pediatric Endodontitis
22.6.1.3 Dental Caries
22.6.1.4 Denture Stomatitis
22.6.1.5 Protection Against Fibrosis
22.6.1.6 Garlic Chewing Gum
22.6.1.7 Garlic Used as a Breath-Freshening Agent
22.7 Additional Use of Garlic in Dentistry-Oral Cancer
22.7.1 High Blood Pressure
22.7.2 Skin Disorders
22.7.3 Anti-Allergic
22.7.4 Anti-Obesity
22.8 Garlic Mechanism of Action
22.9 Conclusions and Recommendations
Acknowledgments
References
Part IV Ethnobotany and Ethanopharmacology
Chapter 23 Curative Plants Worn in the Healing of Mouth Evils
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Materials and Methods
23.3 Results and Discussion
23.4 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 24 Ethnopharmacological Applications of Chewing Sticks on Oral Health Care
24.1 Introduction
24.1.1 Background
24.1.2 Historical Perspectives
24.1.3 Sources and Types of Chewing Sticks
24.2 Applications of Chewing Sticks in Oral Health Care
24.2.1 Chewing Sticks for Oral Hygiene
24.2.2 Ethnopharmacological Applications of Chewing Sticks in Oral Health
24.2.2.1 Dental Caries (Tooth Decay)
24.2.2.2 Periodontal Disease
24.2.2.3 Oral Candidiasis
24.2.2.4 Oral Ulcers and Halitosis
24.2.2.5 Other Oral Conditions
24.3 Conclusions
References
Chapter 25 Ethnomedicine and Ethnopharmacology for Dental Diseases in Indochina
25.1 Introduction
25.2 Ethnomedicine and Ethnopharmacology in Indochina
25.3 Locally Available Naturally Derived Dental Products in Indochina
25.4 Ethnopharmacology for Dental Diseases in Indochina
25.5 Ethnomedicine for Dental Diseases in Indochina
25.6 Future Trend of Ethnomedicine and Ethnopharmacology for Dental Diseases in Indochina
25.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 26 Traditional Medicinal Plants Used in Anti-Halitosis
26.1 Introduction
26.2 Materials and Methods
26.3 Results and Discussion
26.4 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
Index
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