A History of Technoscience

Introduction

1. Relationships between Science and Technology

Terminology

Technology as Dependent upon Science

Science and Technology as Independent

Science as Dependent upon Technology

Science and Technology as Interdependent

Erasing the Boundaries between Science and Technology

Notes

Part I: The Roots of Technoscience

2. From Science-Based Industry to Industry-Based Science

Chemical-Based Industries

Organic Chemical Industries - Synthetic Dyes, Pharmaceuticals and Plastics

Heavy Chemical Industries - Alkalis, Acids and Explosives

Electrical Industrial Research Laboratories - Electric Lighting

Electrical Industrial Research Laboratories - Telephone and Radio

Notes

3. Setting the Stage for the Military-Industrial-Academic Complex: World War I

The Military Build-Up to World War I

World War I

Chemical Warfare - Explosives

Chemical Warfare - Gas

Radio

Naval Warfare

Aerial Warfare

Notes

4. Setting the Stage for Big Science: The Interwar Period

Chemical Research and Development

Aviation Research and Development

Rocket Research and Development

Atomic and Nuclear Research

Notes

5. The Emergence of the Military-Industrial-Academic Complex and Big Science:

World War II

Uranium Research

The Military-Industrial-Academic Complex

Radar and Sonar

Chemical and Medical Research

Military Computers

The Atomic Bomb -- Big Science

Notes

Part II: The Era of Technoscience

6. The Nuclear Arms Race

The H-Bomb

Nuclear Reactors

High Energy Physics

Notes

7. The Space Program

The Missile Race

The Space Race

The Moon Race

Astronomy

Planetary Science

Astrophysics

Notes

8. Electronics

General Purpose Computers

The Transistor

The Integrated Circuit

Computer Science

Notes

9. Material Science

Lasers

Superconductivity

Nanotechnology

Notes

10. Biotechnology

Genetics

The Double Helix

The Genetic Code

Genetic Engineering

The Human Genome Project

Notes

Epilogue

11. The New World of Technoscience

Works Cited