Multiple Stresses in Ecosystems

Part I: Impact of Multiple Stresses on Ecosystems 1. Evaluation and Impact of Multiple Stressors on Ecosystems: Four Classic Case Histories 2. Extrapolation and Scaling in Ecotoxicology 3. A Framework for Evaluating Organism Responses to Multiple Stressors: Mechanisms of Effect and Importance of Modifying Ecological Factors 4. Forest Ecosystems and Air Pollution: The Importance of Multiple Stress Interactions on a Regional and Global Scale 5. Multiple Environmental Stresses on the Fragile Lake Tahoe Ecosystem Part II: Establishing the Health of Ecosystems 6. Ecosystem Health: Some Perspectives 7. Physiology and Ecological Health 8. Biomarkers: Are There Linkages to Ecological Effects? 9. Establishing the Health of Ecosystems 10. Establishing the Health of Ecosystems: The Role of Risk Assessment 11. Stressors in the Marine Environment 12. An Attempt to Explain Ecological Health with a Metaphor Part III: Future Methods in Ecotoxicology 13. Future Directions for Ecotoxicological Methods 14. Development and Application of Immunoassays for Biological and Environmental Monitoring 15. Using Surface Probe Localized 31P NMR Spectroscopy to Understand Sublethal Environmental Actions 16. The Use of Developing Organisms for Assessing Contamination in the Marine Environment