Electrochemistry of Porous Materials

1. POROUS MATERIALS AND ELECTROCHEMISTRY.

1.1. Porous materials, concept and classifications.

1.2. Mixed porous materials.

1.3. Electrochemistry and porous materials.

1.4. Synthesis of porous materials.

1.5. Material-modified electrodes.

1.6. Electrode-modified materials.

1.7. General electrochemical considerations.

1.8. Diffusive aspects.

1.9. Voltammetry and related techniques.

1.10. Resistive and capacitive effects.

1.11. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy.

1.12. Other techniques.

References.

2. ELECTROCHEMICAL PROCESSES AT POROUS ELECTRODES

2.1. Introduction.

2.2. Porous electrodes: impedance analysis.

2.3. Voltammetry at porous electrodes.

2.4. Confinement and diffusion in pores.

2.5. Insulating porous films.

2.6. Fractal surfaces.

2.7. The problem of the oxidation state.

2.8. Electrochemistry at nanopores.

References.

3. ELECTROCHEMICAL PROCESSES AT ION-PERMEABLE SOLIDS

3.1. Introduction.

3.2. General approach.

3.3. Insertion electrochemical electrodes.

3.4. Ion transport.

3.5. Mixed phases and miscibility gaps.

3.6. Microparticles electrochemistry.

3.7. Determination of electrochemical parameters of individual ions.

3.8. Refinements.

3.9. Overview.

References.

4. ELECTROCATALYSIS

4.1. Introduction.

4.2. Heterogeneous electrocatalysis.

4.3. Structural and electronic effects.

4.4. Electrocatalysis at microheterogeneous deposits of porous materials.

4.5. Electrocatalysis at ion-permeable solids.

4.6. Overview.

References.

5. ELECTROCHEMISTRY OF ALUMINOSILICATES

5.1. Introduction.

5.2. Electrochemistry of zeolite-associated species.

5.3. Topological redox isomers.

5.4. Species distribution.

5.5. Speciation: the Maya blue problem.

5.6. Electroactive structural species.

5.7. Mesoporous materials.

5.8. Final remarks.

References.

6. ELECTROCHEMISTRY OF METAL-ORGANIC FRAMEWORKS

6.1. Introduction.

6.2. MOF electrochemistry: an overview.

6.3. Electrochemistry of MOFs involving topotactic transformations.

6.4. Electrochemistry of MOFs involving metal deposition.

6.5. MOFs at the mesoscopic scale.

6.6. Applications.

References.

7. ELECTROCHEMISTRY OF POROUS METALS AND ANODIC METAL OXIDE FILMS

7.1. Introduction.

7.2. Electrochemistry of noble metals.

7.3. Electrocatalysis of noble metals.

7.4. Porous anodic metal oxide films.

7.5. Applications of porous metals and oxidic porous layers.

7.6. Impedance analysis of metal oxide layers.

7.7. Pseudocapacitive behavior.

References.

8. ELECTROCHEMISTRY OF POROUS OXIDES AND RELATED MATERIALS

8.1. Overview.

8.2. Electrochemistry of metal oxides and metal oxohydroxides.

8.3. Electrochemistry of layered hydroxides and related materials.

8.4. Electrochemistry of polyoxometalates.

8.5. Electrochemistry of doped materials.

8.6. Electrocatalysis.

8.7. Active surface phases.

References.

9. SULFIDES, NITRIDES, PHOSPHIDES

9.1. Introduction.

9.2. Molybdenum disulfide and related materials.

9.3. Boron nitride and related materials.

9.4. Metal phosphides.

9.5. Metal carbides.

9.6. Other materials.

References.

10. ELECTROCHEMISTRY OF POROUS CARBON-BASED MATERIALS

10.1. Carbons as electrochemical materials.

10.2. Carbon activation, functionalization and doping.

10.3. Porous carbons.

10.4. Carbon nanotubes and nanoribbons.

10.5. Graphene(s).

10.6. Fullerenes.

10.7. Direct electrochemical synthesis of carbon materials.

10.8. Applications.

10.9. Influence of impurities on carbon electrochemistry.

References.

11. ELECTROCHEMISTRY OF POROUS POLYMERS AND HYBRID MATERIALS

11.1. Introduction.

11.2. Conducting polymers.

11.3. Hybrid materials based on conducting polymers.

11.4. Composite materials based on conducting polymers.

11.5. Photoelectrochemistry.

11.6. Polymers of intrinsic microporosity.

11.7. Polymer electrolytes.

11.8. Final remarks.

References.

12. ELECTROCHEMICAL SENSING VIA POROUS MATERIALS

12.1. Electrochemical sensing.

12.2. Potentiometric sensing.

12.3. Voltammetric and amperometric sensing.

12.4. Selectivity.

12.5. Enantioselective electrochemical sensing.

12.6. Chemorresistive and impedimetric sensing.

12.7. Electrochemoluminiscence and photoelectrochemical sensing.

12.8. Biochemical sensing.

12.9. Electrochemical switch.

12.10. Perspectives.

References.

13. ELECTROCHEMICAL GAS SENSING

13.1. Gas sensing.

13.2. Chemiresistive sensors.

13.3. Impedance sensors.

13.4. Potentiometric sensors.

13.5. Amperometric sensors.

13.6. Field effect transistors.

13.7. Concluding remarks.

References.

14. SUPERCAPACITORS, BATTERIES, FUEL CELLS AND RELATED APPLICATIONS

10.1 Electrical energy storage and conversion.

10.2. Capacitors and supercapacitors.

10.3. Nickel batteries.

10.4. Lithium batteries.

10.5. Fuel cells.

10.6. Electrocgeneration.

15. MAGNETOELECTROCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOELECTROCHEMISTRY OF POROUS MATERIALS

15.1. Magnetoelectrochemistry.

15.2. Photoelectrochemistry.

15.3. Capacitive voltammetry of semiconductors.

15.4. Photon energy and redox processes

15.5. Photochemical water splitting.

15.6. Photoelectrocatalysts attached to porous solids.

15.7. Electrochromic materials and electrochemiluminiscence.

15.8. Dye-sensitized cells.

References.

16. MICROPOROUS MATERIALS IN ELECTROSYNTHESIS, ENVIRONMENTAL REMEDIATION AND DRUG RELEASE

16.1. Introduction.

16.2. Electrolytic synthesis involving porous electrodes.

16.3. Solid to solid synthesis.

16.4. Electrochemical degradation of contaminants.

16.5. Degradation/generation.

16.6. Photoelectrochemical degradation.

16.7. Desalination.

16.8. Drug delivery.

References.

Additional literature.

List of acronyms