Reservoir Management

Preface xi

List of Abbreviations xiii

1 Introduction 1

1.1 The Basics 3

1.2 Field Appraisal 5

1.3 Volumetrics 7

1.4 Drive Mechanism 8

1.5 Field Development 9

1.6 Reservoir Simulation 11

1.7 Field Production 12

1.8 Reservoir Monitoring and Surveillance 13

1.9 Improved Hydrocarbon Recovery 14

1.10 Cessation of Production: Field Abandonment 15

1.11 Summary 15

2 Reservoir Management Process 17

2.1 Field Appraisal 19

2.2 Field Development 22

2.3 Field Production 27

2.4 An Integrated Team Structure for Reservoir Management 30

2.5 Summary 34

3 Reservoir Description 35

3.1 Multi-scale Data 36

3.2 Reservoir Structure 37

3.3 Reservoir Framework 44

3.4 Depositional Environment 46

3.5 Static Reservoir Properties 47

3.6 Dynamic Reservoir Properties 53

3.7 Reservoir Hydrocarbon Fluids 59

3.8 Summary 63

4 Building an Integrated Reservoir Model 65

4.1 Simulation Model Design 67

4.2 Designing the Modeling Grid 73

4.3 Facies Modeling 87

4.4 Property Modeling 97

4.5 Upscaling 108

4.6 Model Analysis and Uncertainty 109

4.7 Summary 110

5 Performance, Monitoring, and Forecasting 111

5.1 Natural Drive Mechanisms 112

5.2 Reservoir Monitoring 120

5.3 Production System 122

5.4 Resource and Reserves Estimation 126

5.5 Petroleum Resources Management System (PRMS) 136

5.6 Summary 141

6 Improving Hydrocarbon Recovery 143

6.1 Primary Recovery 145

6.2 Secondary Recovery 148

6.3 Tertiary Oil Recovery 153

6.4 Summary 158

7 Development Economics 159

7.1 Key Economic Criteria 160

7.2 Risk and Uncertainty 165

7.3 Summary 171

8 Tales of the Unexpected 173

8.1 Laggan and Tormore, Flett Basin, West of Shetland, UKCS 173

8.2 Dación Field, Maturín Basin, Venezuela 176

8.3 As-Sarah Field, East Sirt Basin, Libya 177

8.4 Ceiba Field, Rio Muni Basin, Equatorial Guinea 178

8.5 Glenn Pool Field, Cherokee Basin, Oklahoma, USA 181

8.6 Schiehallion Field, Faroe-Shetland Basin, West of Shetland 184

8.7 North Burbank Field, Cherokee Basin, Oklahoma, USA 187

8.8 Nakhla Field, Hameimat Trough, East Sirt Basin, Libya 192

8.9 Forties Field, Central North Sea, UKCS 196

8.10 Leman Field, Southern North Sea, UKCS 201

8.11 Summary 204

Appendix 1 Guide to Reservoir Simulation 205

A.1 Phases of a Reservoir Simulation Study 206

A.2 Data Gathering 209

A.3 Upscaling 229

A.4 History Matching 243

A.5 Summary 251

References 253

Bibliography 261

Index 263