Exotic Animal Hematology and Cytology

Preface xi

Acknowledgments xii

About the Companion Website xiv

Scientific Names xv

Section I Mammal 1

1. Blood and Bone Marrow Sample Collection and Preparation in Small Mammals 3

Blood Sample Collection 3

Bone Marrow Collection 15

References 17

2. Hematologic Techniques for Quantitative Assessment in Mammals 19

Erythrocyte and Plasma Parameters 19

Leukocyte Parameters 21

Platelet Parameters 21

References 21

3. Evaluation and Interpretation of the Peripheral Blood of Mammals 23

Mammalian Erythrocytes 23

Erythrocyte Response to Disease 28

Mammalian Leukocytes 32

Leukocyte Response to Disease 34

Platelets of Mammals 40

Hemogram Evaluation of Specific Species 42

References 55

4. Evaluation of Mammalian Bone Marrow 59

Mammalian Hematopoiesis 59

Mammalian Bone Marrow Responses in Disease 66

Bone Marrow Evaluation 67

References 67

5. Mammalian Hematology and Clinical Chemistry: Clinical Case Presentations 69

Case 1: Chinchilla with Dental Disease 69

Case 2: Guinea Pig with Gastric Stasis 71

Case 3: Hedgehog with Anorexia 73

Case 4: Ferret with Lethargy, Inappetence, and Labored Breathing 75

Case 5: Ferret with Lethargy and Weakness 79

References 82

6. Sample Collection for Mammalian Cytodiagnosis 83

Cytology Sampling and Evaluation Techniques 83

Sample Locations 83

Preparation for Cytologic Examination 88

Sample Collection Techniques 89

Sample Preparation and Evaluation 94

References 97

7. Mammalian Cytodiagnosis 99

Normal Mammalian Cytology 99

Inflammation 110

Hyperplasia/Benign Neoplasia 124

Malignant Neoplasia 129

Effusions 153

Infectious Agents 160

References 168

8. Mammalian Cytology: Clinical Case Presentations 175

Case 1: Hedgehog with Swelling under the Right Forelimb 175

Case 2: Dumbo Rat with a Mass on Its Face 175

Case 3: Hedgehog with a vaginal mass 178

Case 4: Sugar Glider with a Mass in the Left Axilla 179

Case 5: Ferret with an Abdominal Mass 181

References 184

Section II Avian 185

9. Blood and Bone Marrow Sample Collection and Preparation in Birds 187

Blood Sample Collection 187

Blood Sample Handling and Preparation 192

Bone Marrow Collection 195

Preparation of the Bone Marrow Sample 197

References 199

10. Hematologic Techniques for Quantitative Assessment in Birds 200

Erythrocyte and Plasma Parameters 200

Leukocyte Parameters 204

Thrombocyte Parameters 207

Quantitative Evaluation of Bone Marrow Aspirates 207

References 207

11. Evaluation and Interpretation of Peripheral Blood of Birds 209

Avian Erythrocytes 209

Factors Affecting the Avian Erythrogram 214

Erythrocyte Response to Disease 216

Avian Leukocytes 220

Normal Variation to the Leukogram of Birds 228

Leukocyte Response to Disease 228

Avian Thrombocytes 235

Avian Blood Parasites 237

Bacteremia 244

References 244

12. Evaluation of Avian Bone Marrow 253

Avian Hematopoiesis 253

Avian Hematopoietic Tissue other than Bone Marrow 259

References 260

13. Avian Hematology and Clinical Chemistry: Clinical Case Presentations 262

Case 1: Cockatoo with Lethargy and Anorexia 262

Case 2: Swainson's Hawk with Head Trauma 265

Case 3: Pionus Parrot with Weight Loss, Exercise Intolerance, and Sneezing 269

Case 4: Conure with Lethargy and Anorexia 273

Case 5: Hawk with Dehydration and Emaciation 274

References 278

14. Sample Collection for Avian Cytodiagnosis 279

References 286

15. Avian Cytodiagnosis 288

Normal Avian Cytology 288

Inflammation 298

Hyperplasia/Benign neoplasia 315

Malignant Neoplasia 319

Effusions 332

Infectious Agents 338

References 354

16. Avian Cytology and Clinical Chemistry: Clinical Case Presentations 365

Case 1: Lethargic Parrot 365

Case 2: Macaw with Periorbital Swelling 366

Case 3: Eagle with Swollen Right Foot 369

Case 4: Owl with Oral Lesions 370

Case 5: Hawk with Skin Lesions 371

References 374

Section III Herptile 375

17. Blood and Bone Marrow Sample Collection and Preparation in Reptiles and Amphibians 377

Blood Sample Collection 377

Blood Sample Handling and Preparation 387

Bone Marrow Collection 388

References 389

18. Hematologic Techniques for Quantitative Assessment in Reptiles and Amphibians 391

Erythrocyte and Plasma Parameters 391

Leukocyte Parameters 394

Thrombocyte Parameters 397

References 397

19. Evaluation and Interpretation of the Peripheral Blood and Bone Marrow of Reptiles 399

The Interpretation of the Reptile Hemogram 399

Reptile Erythrocytes 399

Factors Affecting the Reptile Erythrogram 401

Erythrocyte Response to Disease 404

Reptile Leukocytes 405

Normal Variation to the Leukogram of Reptiles 413

Leukocyte Response to Disease 414

Reptile Thrombocytes 419

Reptile Blood Parasites 420

Reptile Hematopoiesis and Bone Marrow Evaluation 425

References 428

Section IV Fish 529

20. Evaluation and Interpretation of the Peripheral Blood and Bone Marrow of Amphibians 433

Amphibian Erythrocytes 433

Amphibian Leukocytes 435

Amphibian Thrombocytes 439

Amphibian Blood Parasites 440

Amphibian Hematopoiesis and Bone Marrow Evaluation 440

References 441

21. Herptile Hematology and Clinical Chemistry: Clinical Case Presentations 443

Case 1: Snake with Nasal Discharge and Mites 443

Case 2: Snake with Neurologic Behavior and Skin Nodules 445

Case 3: Comparison of two chelonian respiratory cases 448

Case 4: Case Series of Chelonian Dystocia and Follicular Stasis 454

Case 5: Lizard with Limb Lameness, Lethargy, and Anorexia 463

References 465

22. Sample Collection for Herptile Cytodiagnosis 466

Sample Locations 466

References 469

23. Herptile Cytodiagnosis 470

Normal Cytology 470

Inflammation 475

Hyperplasia/Benign Neoplasia 488

Malignant Neoplasia 489

Effusions 498

Infectious Agents 500

References 511

24. Herptile Cytology and Clinical Chemistry: Clinical Case Presentations 518

Case 1: Snake with a Bulging Right Eye 518

Case 2: Lizard with Lethargy and Neurologic Disorder 521

Case 3: Lizard with Skin Lesion 524

Case 4: Thin Snake with Swollen Mouth 524

Case 5: Snake with Diarrhea 527

References 528

25. Blood Sample Collection and Preparation in Fish 531

Blood Sample Collection 531

Blood Sampling Handling and Preparation 537

References 539

26. Hematologic Techniques for Quantitative Assessment in Fish 541

Erythrocyte and Plasma Parameters 541

Leukocyte Parameters 545

Thrombocyte Parameters 546

Whole Blood Preservatives 547

References 547

27. Evaluation and Interpretation of the Peripheral Blood of Fish 549

Fish Erythrocytes 549

Factors Affecting the Piscine Erythrogram 552

Erythrocyte Response to Disease 554

Fish Leukocytes 556

Variations in the Leukogram of Fish 565

Fish Thrombocytes and Hemostasis 567

Fish Blood Parasites 569

Viral Inclusions 570

References 571

28. Piscine Hematopoiesis 575

References 576

29. Piscine Hematology and Clinical Chemistry: Clinical Case Presentations 578

Case 1: Nurse Shark with Excessive Gilling 578

Case 2: Reticulated Stingray with Bite Wounds 581

Case 3: Southern Stingray with Anorexia 582

Case 4: Knifefish with Tail Wound 586

Case 5: Toadfish Found Abnormally Floating 586

References 591

30. Sample Collection for Wet Mounts and Cytodiagnosis in Fish 593

Sampling Techniques for Wet Mounts 593

Sampling Techniques for Cytodiagnosis 596

References 599

31. Wet- Mount Microscopy in Fish 600

Sample Evaluation 600

Nonparasitic Pathogens 603

Cutaneous Fish Parasites 605

Nonpathogenic Organisms 618

References 619

32. Wet- Mount Microscopy in Fish: Clinical Case Presentations 622

Case 1: Tiger Barb with Skin and Behavior Changes 622

Case 2: Newly Arrived Goldfish 622

Case 3: Cichlid with a Missing Eye 624

Case 4: Catfish with Rapid Breathing and Lethargy 625

Case 5: Damselfish with Skin Lesions and Behavior Changes 625

33. Piscine Cytodiagnosis 627

Skin 627

Calcinosis Circumscripta 630

Fecal Cytology 630

Mycobacteriosis 630

Saprolegniasis 631

Thyroid 631

Hepatic Lipidosis 631

Neoplasia 631

Effusions 635

Parasites 636

Sample Contamination 636

References 637

34. Piscine Cytology and Clinical Chemistry: Clinical Case Presentations 639

Case 1: Shark with Cutaneous Nodules 639

Case 2: Trout with a Mass on Mandible 640

Case 3: Seahorse with Possible Gas Bubble Disease 643

Case 4: Carp with Swollen Operculum 644

Case 5: Perch with Mass on Left Gill 645

References 647

Appendices 648

A. Stains and Solutions Used in Hematology and Cytology 648

Acid- Fast Stain 648

Gram's Stain 648

Macchiavello's Stain 649

Modified Giménez Stain 649

New Methylene Blue Stain 650

Standard Natt and Herrick's Solution and Stain 650

Elasmobranch- Modified Natt and Herrick's Solution and Stain 651

Quick or Stat Stains 651

Sudan III and Sudan IV Stains 652

Wright-Giemsa Stain 652

B. Hematologic Values 653

C. Plate Captions 663

Mammal Plates 663

Avian Plates 665

Herptile Plates 668

Piscine Plates 676

D. Common Artifacts Found in Blood Film and Cytologic Samples 681

Artifacts Associated with Contamination of the Sample 681

Artifacts Associated with Poor Sample Preparation 683

Index 686