Marine Mammal Welfare

1. Preface.- 2. Introduction to marine mammal welfare.- 3. Cetacea - whales, dolphins, porpoises.- 3.1 The welfare effects of marine debris and fishery equipment on Cetacea, entanglement, toxicity - and of marine pollution including oil.- 3.2 Bycatch.- 3.3 Welfare impact of loss of habitat, changes in distribution and feeding and reproductive behaviours, and disturbances to migration.- 3.4 The welfare effects on Cetacean of human interactions - noise, boats, exploration, dredging, wind farms, whale watching, hunting.- 3.5 Noise in the ocean.- 3.5 Global climate effects on cetacean welfare.- 3.6 Social change in Cetacean populations resulting from human influences.- 3.7 Cetacea in captivity.- 3.8 Assessing the welfare of Cetacea - outcome based assessment methods in the wild and in captivity.- 4. Pinnipeds - seals, sea lions, fur seals, walrus.- 4.1 The welfare effects on Pinnipeds of marine debris and fisheries equipment, entanglement, toxicity - and of marine pollution includingoil.- 4.2 Bycatch.- 4.3 Interactions with farmed fisheries.- 4.4 Welfare impacts of loss of habitat, human induced changes in distribution and feeding and reproductive behaviours, and disturbances to behaviours and social dynamics of Pinnipeds.- 4.5 The welfare effects on Pinnipeds of human interactions - tourism, hunting.- 4.6 Global climate effects on Pinniped welfare.- 4.7 Social change in Pinniped populations resulting from human influences.- 4.8 Pinnipeds in captivity.- 4.9 Assessing the welfare of Pinnipeds - in the wild and in captivity.- 5. Sirenia - dugongs and manatees.- 5.1 The welfare effects of human interactions on Manatees and Dugongs - boats, boat strikes, tourism, noise, the coastline as a recreational zone.- 5.2 The welfare effects on Sirenia of marine debris and fisheries equipment, entanglement, toxicity.- 5.3 Welfare impacts of loss of habitat, human induced changes in distribution and feeding and reproductive behaviours, and disturbances to behaviours and social dynamics of Sirenia.- 5.4 Social change in Sirenian populations resulting from human influences.- 5.5 Global climate effects on Sirenian welfare.- 5.6 Sirenia in captivity.- 5.7 Assessing the welfare of Sirenia - in the wild and in captivity.- 6. Ursidae - polar bears.- 6.1 The welfare effects of human interactions - human food and human waste, proximity to habitation, living together with polar bears.- 6.2 The welfare effects on Polar Bears of marine debris, fisheries equipment, entanglement, toxicity.- 6.3 Welfare impacts of loss of habitat, human induced changes in distribution and feeding and reproductive behaviours, and disturbances to behaviours and social dynamics of Polar Bears.- 6.4 Social change in Polar Bear populations resulting from human influences.- 6.5 Global climate effects on Polar Bear welfare.- 6.6 Hunting of Polar Bears.- 6.7 Polar Bears in captivity.- 6.8 Assessing the welfare of Polar Bears - in the wild and in captivity.- 7. Lutrinae - otters.- 7.1 The welfare effects of human interactions on otters - dogs, disturbance, fishing.- 7.2 The welfare effects on Otters of water borne debris, fisheries equipment, entanglement, toxicity.- 7.3 Welfare impacts of loss of habitat, human induced changes in distribution and feeding and reproductive behaviours, and disturbances to behaviours and social dynamics of Otters.- 7.4 Social change in Otters populations resulting from human influences.- 7.5 Global climate effects on Otter welfare.- 7.6 Hunting of Otters.- 7.7 Otters in captivity.- 7.8 Assessing the welfare of Otters - in the wild and in captivity.- 8. Conclusions.- 9. References.