Activation, Deactivation, and Poisoning of Catalysts

PrefaceI Deactivation of Catalytic Surfaces: Microscopic Processes 1 Physical and Chemical Description of Deactivation I. The Concept of the Active Center as Utilized in Catalysis II. Operational Definitions of Deactivation III. Regeneration, Rejuvenation, and Detoxification IV. Summary-Conventional Wisdom and Other Matters V. More Definitions References 2 Mathematical Description of Deactivating Systems I. Deactivation of Systems Having a Single Main Reaction II. Phenomenological Description of Catalyst Deactivation III. Comments on Obtaining Deactivation Data: Experimentation IV. Summary and Evaluation References 3 Deactivation by Fouling I. Coke Formation and Fouling Kinetics II. Chemistry of Coke Formation III. Coke Distribution in Catalyst Pores IV. Mechanism of Fouling V. Fouling of Reforming Catalysts VI. Summary and Evaluation References 4 Deactivation by Poisoning I. Some Beginning Ideas: A General Discussion II. Poisoning of Non Uniform Surfaces: True and Apparent III. Some Studies of Homogeneous Surfaces IV. Heterogeneous Surfaces: Site Strength Distributions V. Particle Size Dependence VI. Multifunctional Catalysts VII. Summary and Evaluation References 5 Deactivation by Sintering I. Sintering in Supported Metal Systems II. Particle Growth Models III. Crystallite Splitting and Redispersion IV. Metal-Support Interaction Effects on Sintering and Redispersion V. Summary and Evaluation References II Deactivation of Catalyst Pellets: Macroscopic Processes 6 The Time Scale of Deactivation in Pelleted Catalysts I. General Formulation of the Problem II. Some Aspects of the General Solution References 7 Intraparticle Deactivation I. Limiting Types of Deactivation in Pellets II. Modeling the Deactivation of Pellets III. Nonuniform Distribution of Catalytic Materials in Pellets IV. Fouling of Hydrodesulfurization Catalysts V. Summary and Evaluation References 8 Direct Measurement of Reaction Nonuniformity in Catalyst Pellets I. The Single-Pellet Diffusion Reactor: Concentration Measurements II. The Single-Pellet Diffusion Reactor: Temperature Measurements III. Summary and Evaluation References 9 Regeneration of Coked Particles I. Reactions of Coke with Hydrogen and Oxygen II. The Intraparticle Problem III. Summary and Evaluation References III Deactivation in Chemical Reactors: Global Processes 10 Deactivation in Fixed Beds I. Activity Distributions in Fixed Beds-A Snapshot II. Moving Reaction Zones-Theoretical Development for Isothermal Reactors III. Moving Reaction Zones-Theoretical Development for Non Isothermal Reactors IV. Some Experimental Results-Isothermal Reactors V. Scale-up to a Nonisothermal Industrial Reactor VI. Catalyst Poisoning and Non Isothermal Fixed-Bed Reactor Dynamics VII. Constant-Conversion Operation VIII. Summary and Evaluation References 11 Regeneration of Fixed Beds I. Regeneration as a Deactivation Problem in Reverse II. Some Quantitative Studies III. Summary-Deactivation in Reverse References 12 A Case History: Kinetic Lumping, Deactivation, and Reactor Models for Catalytic Cracking I. Kinetic Lumping and Deactivation II. Reactor Models-Fixed, Moving, and Fluidized Beds III. Reaction Kinetics and Model Evaluation IV. Some Comparisons of Reactor Performance V.