Update on Ruminant Ultrasound, An Issue of Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice

Name: Update on Ruminant Ultrasound, An Issue of Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice
Brand: Elsevier
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Sébastien Buczinski(Autor*in)

Elsevier (Verlag)

1. Auflage

Erschienen am 5. April 2016

100 Seiten

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Front Cover
Update on Ruminant Ultrasound
Copyright
Contributors
CONSULTING EDITOR
EDITOR
AUTHORS
Contents
Preface: We Need More Studies on the Diagnostic and Prognostic Use of Ultrasound in Ruminants!
Specific Challenges in Conducting and Reporting Studies on the Diagnostic Accuracy of Ultrasonography in Bovine Medicine
On-Farm Use of Ultrasonography for Bovine Respiratory Disease
Echocardiography for the Assessment of Congenital Heart Defects in Calves
Ascites in Cattle: Ultrasonographic Findings and Diagnosis
Ultrasonographic Examination of the Reticulum, Rumen, Omasum, Abomasum, and Liver in Calves
Ultrasonographic Examination of the Reticulum, Rumen, Omasum, Abomasum, and Liver in Calves
Ultrasonography of the Tympanic Bullae and Larynx in Cattle
Ultrasound-Guided Nerve Block Anesthesia
Ultrasonographic Doppler Use for Female Reproduction Management
Methods for and Implementation of Pregnancy Diagnosis in Dairy Cows
Practical Use of Ultrasound Scan in Small Ruminant Medicine and Surgery
Ultrasound Use for Body Composition and Carcass Quality Assessment in Cattle and Lambs
VETERINARY CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA: FOOD ANIMAL PRACTICE
FORTHCOMING ISSUES
July 2016
November 2016
March 2017
RECENT ISSUES
November 2015
July 2015
March 2015
Preface: We Need More Studies on the Diagnostic and Prognostic Use of Ultrasound in Ruminants!
Specific Challenges in Conducting and Reporting Studies on the Diagnostic Accuracy of Ultrasonography in Bovine Medicine
Key points
INTRODUCTION
PHASES OF TESTING ASSESSMENT AND STUDY DESIGNS
REPORTING GUIDELINES FOR DIAGNOSTIC TEST ASSESSMENT STUDIES AS THEY RELATE TO IMAGING
VALIDITY AND BIASES IN DIAGNOSTIC TEST ASSESSMENT STUDIES AS THEY RELATE TO IMAGING USING ULTRASONOGRAPHY
SOURCES OF ERROR IN DIAGNOSTIC TEST ASSESSMENT STUDIES AS THEY RELATE TO IMAGING
INTERNAL VALIDATION OF ULTRASONOGRAPHY IN DIAGNOSTIC STUDIES: SYSTEMATIC ERROR
Biases That May Occur in Imaging Studies as a Result of the Approach to Patient Selection
Spectrum bias
Biases That May Occur in Imaging Studies as a Result of the Approach to Conducting the Index Test or Reference Text
Diagnostic review bias and incorporation bias
Classification bias
Biases in Imaging Studies as a Result of the Approach to Conducting the Flow of Patients Through the Study
Partial verification and differential verification
Loss to follow-up bias or indeterminate results
HOW TO PUT THE INCREMENTAL GAIN OF ULTRASONOGRAPHY OVER TRADITIONAL METHODS OF DIAGNOSIS TO PRACTICAL USE
SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
REFERENCES
On-Farm Use of Ultrasonography for Bovine Respiratory Disease
Key points
INTRODUCTION
ACCURACY OF THORACIC ULTRASONOGRAPHY IN YOUNG CATTLE
IMPLICATIONS OF ULTRASONOGRAPHIC LUNG LESIONS
ULTRASONOGRAPHIC EQUIPMENT
CALF PREPARATION AND RESTRAINT
APPROACH
THORACIC ULTRASONOGRAPHY TECHNIQUE
ULTRASONOGRAPHY SCORING
INDICATIONS AND IMPLEMENTATION
SUMMARY
REFERENCES
Echocardiography for the Assessment of Congenital Heart Defects in Calves
Key points
OVERVIEW
EQUIPMENT AND SETTINGS
PATIENT PREPARATION AND RESTRAINT
IMAGING APPROACH/PROTOCOL
Right Parasternal Views
Left Parasternal Views
Apical 4-Chamber/5-Chamber Views
SEQUENTIAL SEGMENTAL ANALYSIS
Step 1: Atrial Arrangement
Step 2: Ventricular Arrangement
Step 3: Atrioventricular Connections
Step 4: Morphology of the Atrioventricular Valves
Step 5: Ventriculoarterial Connections
Step 6: Morphology of the Arterial Valves
Step 7: Associated Malformations
SPECIFIC CONGENITAL MALFORMATIONS
Abnormal Communications (Shunts)
Atrial, atrioventricular, and ventricular septal defects
Patent ductus arteriosus
Aortopulmonary window
Outflow Tract Obstructions
Tetralogy/Pentalogy of Fallot
Coronary Abnormalities
Anomalies of Systemic and Pulmonary Venous Connections
Abnormalities of the Aorta and Aortic Arch
Abnormal Heart Location
HEMODYNAMIC CONSEQUENCES OF CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE
Assessment of the Hemodynamic Relevance of Ventricular Septal Defects
PROGNOSIS AND OUTCOMES OF CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE
SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
REFERENCES
Ascites in Cattle
Key points
INTRODUCTION
DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURE IN SUSPECTED CASES OF ASCITES
Clinical Examination
Blood Examination
Ultrasonographic Examination
Abdominocentesis
TECHNIQUES OF ABDOMINAL ULTRASONOGRAPHY AND ABDOMINOCENTESIS
Ultrasonography Technique in Suspected Cases of Ascites
Technique for Abdominocentesis in Suspected Cases of Ascites
TYPES OF FREE PERITONEAL FLUID
NONINFLAMMATORY ASCITES
Clinical Signs of Noninflammatory Ascites
Ultrasonographic Findings of Noninflammatory Ascites
Causes of Noninflammatory Ascites
Right-Sided Cardiac Insufficiency as the Cause of Ascites
Mediastinal Masses as the Cause of Ascites
Liver Disease as the Cause of Ascites
Kidney Disease as the Cause of Ascites
Ileus as the Cause of Ascites
Tumors of the Peritoneum, Serous Membranes, and Omentum
Obstruction and Compression of the Caudal Vena Cava as the Cause of Ascites
INFLAMMATORY ASCITES (PERITONITIS)
Ultrasonographic Findings of Focal and Generalized Peritonitis
Omental Bursitis
UROPERITONEUM
HEMOPERITONEUM
CHYLOUS ASCITES
BILIARY ASCITES (BILE PERITONITIS)
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS OF INTRA-ABDOMINAL FLUID ACCUMULATION
REFERENCES
Ultrasonographic Examination of the Reticulum, Rumen, Omasum, Abomasum, and Liver in Calves
Key points
INTRODUCTION
TECHNIQUE OF ULTRASONOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION OF CALVES
RETICULUM
Examination of the Reticulum
Ultrasonographic Findings of the Reticulum
RUMEN
Examination of the Rumen
Ultrasonographic Findings of the Rumen
OMASUM
Examination of the Omasum
Ultrasonographic Findings of the Omasum
ABOMASUM
Examination of the Abomasum
Ultrasonographic Findings of the Abomasum
ESOPHAGEAL GROOVE REFLEX AND FACTORS AFFECTING GROOVE CLOSURE
Ultrasonographic Monitoring of the Esophageal Groove Reflex
Examination of the Esophageal Groove Reflex
RUMINAL DRINKER SYNDROME
LIVER
Ultrasonographic Examination of the Liver
Ultrasonographic Findings of the Liver and Gallbladder
Abnormal Ultrasonographic Findings of the Liver and Gallbladder
UMBILICUS
SUMMARY
REFERENCES
Ultrasonographic Examination of the Spinal Cord and Collection of Cerebrospinal Fluid from the Atlanto-Occipital Space in Cattle
Key points
INTRODUCTION
ANATOMY OF THE ATLANTO-OCCIPITAL SPACE
ULTRASONOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION OF THE SPINAL CORD FROM THE ATLANTO-OCCIPITAL SPACE
Preparation of Cattle for the Ultrasonographic Examination
Technique of Ultrasonographic Examination
Ultrasonographic Findings of the Atlanto-Occipital Space
Measurements in the Atlanto-Occipital Space in 73 Euthanized Cows
ULTRASOUND-GUIDED COLLECTION OF CEREBROSPINAL FLUID FROM THE ATLANTO-OCCIPITAL SPACE
Preparation of Cattle and Cerebrospinal Fluid Collection Technique
Examination of the Cerebrospinal Fluid
ULTRASONOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION OF THE SPINAL CORD FROM THE LUMBOSACRAL AREA IN THE CALF
SUMMARY
REFERENCES
Ultrasonography of the Tympanic Bullae and Larynx in Cattle
Key points
INTRODUCTION
ULTRASONOGRAPHY OF THE TYMPANIC BULLA
Anatomy of the Tympanic Bulla
Technique
Contention and preparation
Positioning of the probe
Transverse position
Longitudinal position
Normal Images
Abnormal Images
Diagnostic Value
ULTRASONOGRAPHY OF THE LARYNX
Anatomy of the Larynx
Technique and Normal Images
Abnormal Images and Diagnostic Value
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
Ultrasound-Guided Nerve Block Anesthesia
Key points
INTRODUCTION
ULTRASOUND IN REGIONAL ANESTHESIA
ADVANTAGES OF ULTRASOUND GUIDANCE IN REGIONAL ANESTHESIA
Visualization of Anatomic Structures
Reduction of Local Anesthetic Requirements
Improvement in Anesthetic Block Quality
Prevention of Fatalities
LOCALIZATION OF NERVES OF CLINICAL RELEVANCE
Anatomy and Ultrasound Image of the Nerve
Needle Visualization and Guidance
The Doughnut Sign
PERINEURAL BLOCK TECHNIQUES
Paravertebral Nerve Block
Description
Technique
Caudal Epidural Block
Description
Technique
Fore Limb Anesthesia: Brachial Plexus Block
Description
Technique
Hind Limb Anesthesia: Sciatic and Femoral Nerve Block
Sciatic Nerve Block
Anatomic area
Description
Technique
Femoral Nerve Block
Anatomic area
Description
Technique: ilioventral approach
Dorsal paravertebral approach
Anesthesia of Superficial Nerves of the Head
Cornual Nerve Block
Technique
Auriculopalpebral Nerve Block
Technique
Infraorbital Nerve Block
Technique
COMPLICATIONS AND RISK
CURRENT CONTROVERSIES/FUTURE CONSIDERATIONS
REFERENCES
Ultrasonographic Doppler Use for Female Reproduction Management
Key points
INTRODUCTION
PRINCIPLE OF DOPPLER ULTRASONOGRAPHY
TECHNIQUE OF DOPPLER ULTRASONOGRAPHY
Evaluation of Blood Flow
Transrectal Localization of the Uterine Artery
UTERINE BLOOD FLOW
Estrous Cycle
Pregnancy
Puerperium
OVARIAN BLOOD FLOW
Follicular Blood Flow
Luteal Blood Flow
SUMMARY
REFERENCES
Methods for and Implementation of Pregnancy Diagnosis in Dairy Cows
Key points
ATTRIBUTES OF THE IDEAL PREGNANCY TEST
RETURN TO ESTRUS AS A DIAGNOSTIC INDICATOR OF PREGNANCY STATUS
PREGNANCY LOSS IN LACTATING DAIRY COWS
DIRECT METHODS FOR PREGNANCY DIAGNOSIS
Transrectal Palpation
B-Mode Ultrasonography
Problems with Early Pregnancy Diagnosis Using Transrectal Ultrasonography
INDIRECT METHODS FOR PREGNANCY DIAGNOSIS IN DAIRY COWS
Progesterone
Pregnancy-Associated Proteins
Pregnancy-Associated Glycoproteins
FUTURE TECHNOLOGIES FOR PREGNANCY DIAGNOSIS
SUMMARY
REFERENCES
Practical Use of Ultrasound Scan in Small Ruminant Medicine and Surgery
Key points
INTRODUCTION
ULTRASONOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION-EQUIPMENT
SITES FOR ULTRASONOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION
Chest
Liver
Bladder, Uterus, Vagina, and Ventral Abdomen
Right Kidney
Abomasal Diameter of Neonatal Lambs
Vaginal Prolapse
Scrotum
Joints
ULTRASONOGRAPHIC FINDINGS
Chest
Lung Consolidation
Pleural Effusion
Pleural/Lung Abscesses
Fibrinous Pleurisy
Ovine Pulmonary Adenocarcinoma
HEART
Congenital Cardiac Defects
Vegetative Endocarditis
Pericarditis
ABDOMEN
Ascites
Peritonitis
Small Intestinal Torsion
Intra-abdominal Hemorrhage
Liver
Liver Fluke
URINARY TRACT
Kidney
SCROTUM
Testicular Atrophy
Epididymitis
PREGNANCY
Obstetric Problems
Uterine Torsion
VAGINAL PROLAPSE
UDDER
JOINTS
MUSCLE
ABOMASUM IN NEONATES
BRAIN
DISCUSSION
SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
REFERENCES
Ultrasound Use for Body Composition and Carcass Quality Assessment in Cattle and Lambs
Key points
INTRODUCTION
INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS
Certification Requirements (Equipment and Technician)
Expectations of Producer/Prescanning Management of the Animal
Application of Ultrasound for Carcass Traits in Beef Feedlot Settings
Lamb Industry to Beef Industry Comparison on the Use of Ultrasound for Body Composition Traits
TECHNIQUE/PROCEDURE
Patient Positioning and Preparation
Approach
Specific Technique/Procedure
COMPLICATIONS AND MANAGEMENT
POSTOPERATIVE CARE
REPORTING, FOLLOW-UP, AND CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS
OUTCOMES
CURRENT CONTROVERSIES
FUTURE CONSIDERATIONS
SUMMARY
REFERENCES
Index

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