Epistemic Meaning

1 - Acknowledgements [Seite 5]
2 - List of figures [Seite 12]
3 - List of tables [Seite 14]
4 - List of abbreviations [Seite 15]
5 - 1. Preliminaries [Seite 19]
5.1 - 1.1. Introduction [Seite 19]
5.2 - 1.2. Overview of the book [Seite 24]
5.3 - 1.3. Theoretical basis [Seite 25]
5.3.1 - 1.3.1. Central assumptions [Seite 25]
5.3.2 - 1.3.2. Crosslinguistic descriptive categories [Seite 26]
5.4 - 1.4. Empirical basis [Seite 29]
5.5 - 1.5. The term epistemic in linguistics and philosophy [Seite 33]
5.6 - 1.6. Epistemic meanings and notions [Seite 36]
5.6.1 - 1.6.1. Evidential meanings and notions [Seite 37]
5.6.2 - 1.6.2. Epistemic modal meanings and notions [Seite 38]
5.6.3 - 1.6.3. Non-epistemic meanings and notions occasionally considered epistemic in the literature [Seite 49]
5.6.4 - 1.6.4. Overview of epistemic meanings and notions [Seite 53]
5.7 - 1.7. Precursors of the category of epistemicity [Seite 54]
5.7.1 - 1.7.1. Epistemic meaning variants [Seite 55]
5.7.2 - 1.7.2. Epistemic stance [Seite 57]
5.7.3 - 1.7.3. Language-specific groups of epistemic expressions [Seite 58]
5.7.4 - 1.7.4. The descriptive category of status [Seite 59]
5.7.5 - 1.7.5. Epistemic scales [Seite 61]
5.8 - 1.8. Summary of Chapter 1 [Seite 65]
6 - 2. Epistemic systems [Seite 66]
6.1 - 2.1. Introduction [Seite 66]
6.1.1 - 2.1.1. Morphosyntactic systems [Seite 66]
6.1.2 - 2.1.2. The argument [Seite 67]
6.1.3 - 2.1.3. Overview of Chapter 2 [Seite 70]
6.2 - 2.2. General epistemic systems across languages [Seite 70]
6.2.1 - 2.2.1. General epistemic systems in American languages [Seite 71]
6.2.2 - 2.2.2. General epistemic systems in non-American languages [Seite 91]
6.2.3 - 2.2.3. Evidential subsystems with epistemic modal extensions as general epistemic systems [Seite 106]
6.2.4 - 2.2.4. Other possible instances of general epistemic systems [Seite 107]
6.3 - 2.3. Epistemic subsystems across languages [Seite 113]
6.3.1 - 2.3.1. Evidential systems across languages [Seite 113]
6.3.2 - 2.3.2. Epistemic modal systems across languages [Seite 116]
6.3.3 - 2.3.3. Epistemic extensions of narrow-sense modal systems [Seite 125]
6.4 - 2.4. Several epistemic systems in one and the same language [Seite 127]
6.5 - 2.5. Epistemic expressions as a universal phenomenon [Seite 132]
6.5.1 - 2.5.1. Scattered coding of epistemic meaning [Seite 133]
6.5.2 - 2.5.2. Lexical coding of epistemic meaning [Seite 140]
6.6 - 2.6. Summary of Chapter 2 [Seite 142]
7 - 3. A semantic map of epistemic expressions [Seite 144]
7.1 - 3.1. Introduction [Seite 144]
7.1.1 - 3.1.1. Semantic mapping [Seite 144]
7.1.2 - 3.1.2. The argument [Seite 146]
7.1.3 - 3.1.3. Overview of Chapter 3 [Seite 147]
7.2 - 3.2. The map [Seite 148]
7.3 - 3.3. The crosslinguistic significance of the notional distinctions found in the map [Seite 149]
7.3.1 - 3.3.1. The distinction between direct and indirect justification [Seite 149]
7.3.2 - 3.3.2. The distinction between full, partial and neutral support [Seite 151]
7.3.3 - 3.3.3. The distinction between evidential and epistemic modal notions [Seite 154]
7.4 - 3.4. The crosslinguistic significance of the connecting lines found in the map [Seite 155]
7.4.1 - 3.4.1. Connecting line 1: The link between direct and indirect justification [Seite 156]
7.4.2 - 3.4.2. Connecting line 2: The link between full and partial support [Seite 158]
7.4.3 - 3.4.3. Connecting line 3: The link between partial and neutral support [Seite 162]
7.4.4 - 3.4.4. Connecting line 4: The link between direct justification and full support [Seite 163]
7.4.5 - 3.4.5. Connecting line 5: The link between indirect justification and partial support [Seite 167]
7.5 - 3.5. How to falsify the proposed semantic map of epistemic expressions [Seite 172]
7.6 - 3.6. The structure of the semantic map of epistemic expressions [Seite 176]
7.6.1 - 3.6.1. The epistemic modal scale [Seite 178]
7.6.2 - 3.6.2. The evidential reliability scale [Seite 181]
7.6.3 - 3.6.3. The relation between the epistemic modal scale and the evidential scale [Seite 184]
7.7 - 3.7. Related semantic maps [Seite 185]
7.7.1 - 3.7.1. Anderson's (1986) map of evidentiality [Seite 185]
7.7.2 - 3.7.2. Van der Auwera and Plungian's (1998) map of narrow-sense modality [Seite 187]
7.8 - 3.8. The asymmetry of the semantic map with respect to coding potential [Seite 190]
7.8.1 - 3.8.1. Zero-coding potential [Seite 192]
7.8.2 - 3.8.2. Dependencies between zero-coding potentials [Seite 197]
7.9 - 3.9. Summary of Chapter 3 [Seite 199]
8 - 4. Epistemic meaning and scope [Seite 201]
8.1 - 4.1. Introduction [Seite 201]
8.1.1 - 4.1.1. Scope [Seite 201]
8.1.2 - 4.1.2. The argument [Seite 202]
8.1.3 - 4.1.3. Overview of Chapter 4 [Seite 203]
8.2 - 4.2. The scope of epistemic meaning [Seite 203]
8.2.1 - 4.2.1. Speech acts, propositions and states-of-affairs [Seite 205]
8.2.2 - 4.2.2. Epistemic meaning and the proposition [Seite 213]
8.3 - 4.3. The distribution of epistemic expressions among different clause types [Seite 217]
8.3.1 - 4.3.1. Distribution among different types of independent clauses [Seite 217]
8.3.2 - 4.3.2. Distribution among different types of dependent clauses [Seite 224]
8.3.3 - 4.3.3. Epistemic expressions disambiguate polyfunctional clauses as propositional [Seite 231]
8.3.4 - 4.3.4. Propositional clauses disambiguate polyfunctional expressions as epistemic [Seite 233]
8.4 - 4.4. The position of grammatical epistemic expressions in a universal ordering of grammatical expressions [Seite 237]
8.4.1 - 4.4.1. A universal ordering of grammatical tense, epistemic and illocutionary expressions [Seite 239]
8.4.2 - 4.4.2. The ordering of grammatical epistemic expressions relative to other grammatical expressions [Seite 240]
8.4.3 - 4.4.3. The ordering of co-occurring grammatical epistemic expressions relative to each other [Seite 254]
8.4.4 - 4.4.4. The ordering of grammatical epistemic expressions and the propositional scope of epistemic meanings [Seite 262]
8.5 - 4.5. Less than one propositional expression per epistemic expression [Seite 267]
8.5.1 - 4.5.1. Epistemic expressions without propositional expressions [Seite 268]
8.5.2 - 4.5.2. More than one epistemic expression per propositional expression [Seite 275]
8.6 - 4.6. Summary of Chapter 4 [Seite 293]
9 - 5. A functional-cognitive analysis of epistemic meaning and the proposition [Seite 294]
9.1 - 5.1. Introduction [Seite 294]
9.1.1 - 5.1.1. Definitions of epistemic, evidential and epistemic modal meaning [Seite 294]
9.1.2 - 5.1.2. Overview of Chapter 5 [Seite 295]
9.2 - 5.2. A functional-cognitive analysis of the proposition [Seite 295]
9.2.1 - 5.2.1. The proposition as a referring meaning unit [Seite 296]
9.2.2 - 5.2.2. The proposition as a linguistic prompt to evoke a Langackerian process construed as referring [Seite 297]
9.2.3 - 5.2.3. Arguments in support of the proposed functional-cognitive analysis [Seite 300]
9.2.4 - 5.2.4. Reference and truth value [Seite 309]
9.3 - 5.3. A functional-cognitive analysis of epistemic meaning [Seite 309]
9.3.1 - 5.3.1. Epistemic meaning as a linguistic prompt to evoke a conceptual justificatory-support structure [Seite 309]
9.3.2 - 5.3.2. Epistemic meaning as a survival skill [Seite 312]
9.4 - 5.4. Relating the functional-cognitive analysis to the crosslinguistic data [Seite 315]
9.4.1 - 5.4.1. Conceptual coherence and epistemic systems [Seite 316]
9.4.2 - 5.4.2. Conceptual coherence and the semantic map of epistemic expressions [Seite 318]
9.4.3 - 5.4.3. Conceptual dependence and the propositional scope of epistemic meanings [Seite 321]
9.4.4 - 5.4.4. Functional dependence and propositions without epistemic expressions [Seite 326]
9.5 - 5.5. Summary [Seite 333]
10 - 6 Conclusion [Seite 335]
11 - References [Seite 340]
12 - Language index [Seite 379]
13 - Subject index [Seite 384]