Contents: Part I: Biology of Parenting. D.F. Bjorklund, J.L. Yunger, A.D. Pellegrini, The Evolution of Parenting and Evolutionary Approaches to Childrearing. J.S. Rosenblatt, Hormonal Bases of Parenting in Mammals. A.S. Fleming, M. Li, Psychobiology of Maternal Behavior and Its Early Determinants in Nonhuman Mammals. K.A. Bard, Primate Parenting. C.M. Corter, A.S. Fleming, Psychobiology of Maternal Behavior in Human Beings. H. Papousek, M. Papousek, Intuitive Parenting. Part II: Social Ecology of Parenting. A.E. Gottfried, A.W. Gottfried, K. Bathurst, Maternal and Dual-Earner Employment Status and Parenting. E. Hoff, B. Laursen, T. Tardif, Socioeconomic Status and Parenting. S. Harkness, C.M. Super, Culture and Parenting. R.H. Bradley, Environment and Parenting. R.M. Lerner, F. Rothbaum, S. Boulos, D.R. Castellino, Developmental Systems Perspective on Parenting. V. French, History of Parenting: The Ancient Mediterranean World.