Veterinary Echocardiography

Preface xvii
Acknowledgments xix
CHAPTER 1 THE PHYSICS OF ULTRASOUND 3
BASIC PHYSICS 3
TRANSDUCERS AND RESOLUTION 9
DOPPLER PHYSICS 14
ARTIFACTS 29
SUMMARY 33
RECOMMENDED READING 35
CHAPTER 2 THE TWO-DIMENSIONAL ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC EXAM 37
INTRODUCTION 37
PATIENT PREPARATION 37
PATIENT POSITIONING 37
TRANSDUCER SELECTION 40
TWO-DIMENSIONAL IMAGES 40
REFERENCES 98
CHAPTER 3 THE M-MODE AND DOPPLER EXAMINATION 101
INTRODUCTION 101
M-MODE ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY 101
COLOR-FLOW DOPPLER 112
SPECTRAL DOPPLER 118
TISSUE DOPPLER IMAGING 146
REFERENCES 149
CHAPTER 4 EVALUATION OF SIZE, FUNCTION, AND HEMODYNAMICS 153
MEASUREMENT AND ASSESSMENT OF TWO-DIMENSIONAL IMAGES 153
MEASUREMENT AND ASSESSMENT OF SPECTRAL DOPPLER FLOW 186
MEASUREMENT AND ASSESSMENT OF TISSUE DOPPLER IMAGING 193
EVALUATION OF COLOR-FLOW DOPPLER 196
EVALUATION OF VENTRICULAR FUNCTION 198
HEMODYNAMIC INFORMATION OBTAINED FROM ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC EXAMS 225
REFERENCES 247
EXERCISES 256
CHAPTER 5 ACQUIRED VALVULAR DISEASE 267
MITRAL REGURGITATION 267
AORTIC REGURGITATION 303
TRICUSPID REGURGITATION 319
PULMONARY REGURGITATION 324
ENDOCARDITIS 325
REFERENCES 327
CHAPTER 6 HYPERTENSIVE HEART DISEASE 335
PULMONARY HYPERTENSION 335
SYSTEMIC HYPERTENSION 351
REFERENCES 356
CHAPTER 7 MYOCARDIAL DISEASES 359
HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY 359
DYNAMIC RIGHT VENTRICULAR OUTFLOW OBSTRUCTION 380
MODERATOR BANDS 381
DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY 381
RIGHT VENTRICULAR CARDIOMYOPATHY 396
RESTRICTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY 396
ENDOCARDIAL FIBROELASTOSIS 400
ARRHYTHMOGENIC RIGHT VENTRICULAR CARDIOMYOPATHY 400
MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION 400
MYOCARDIAL CONTUSIONS 403
REFERENCES 404
CHAPTER 8 PERICARDIAL DISEASE, EFFUSIONS, AND MASSES 411
PERICARDIAL EFFUSION 411
NEOPLASIA AS A CAUSE OF PERICARDIAL EFFUSION 416
PERICARDIAL DISEASE 425
ABCESSES 431
PERICARDIAL CYSTS 431
THROMBUS 431
REFERENCES 431
CHAPTER 9 CONGENITAL SHUNTS AND AV VALVE DYSPLASIA 437
VENTRICULAR SEPTAL DEFECT 437
PATENT DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS 450
AORTICOPULMONARY WINDOW 458
RIGHT TO LEFT SHUNTING PDA 459
ATRIAL SEPTAL DEFECTS 459
ENDOCARDIAL CUSHION DEFECTS 465
BUBBLE STUDIES 467
ATRIOVENTRICULAR VALVE DYSPLASIA 468
REFERENCES 472
CHAPTER 10 STENOTIC LESIONS 477
OUTFLOW OBSTRUCTIONS 477
INFLOW OBSTRUCTIONS 507
TETRALOGY OF FALLOT 517
REFERENCES 522
APPENDICES
Appendix 1: Bovine 527
Appendix 2: Canine 531
Appendix 3: Equine 559
Appendix 4: Feline 569
Appendix 5: Miscellaneous Species 581
Index 589