The Semantics-Pragmatics Controversy

1 - 1 Introduction [Seite 11]
1.1 - 1.1 The Standard Notions and Their Problems [Seite 11]
1.2 - 1.2 Aim of the Book [Seite 17]
1.3 - 1.3 Plan of the book [Seite 18]
2 - 2 Against the Standard Notions of Literal Meaning and Non-literal Meaning [Seite 21]
2.1 - 2.1 Literal Meaning and Context-Independence [Seite 21]
2.1.1 - 2.1.1 Literal Meaning as Compositional Meaning? [Seite 22]
2.1.2 - 2.1.2 Literal Meaning as Context-Independent? [Seite 27]
2.1.3 - 2.1.3 Literal Meaning as Primary to Non-literal Meaning? [Seite 33]
2.2 - 2.2 Non-literal Meaning and Conventionality [Seite 38]
2.2.1 - 2.2.1 Empirical Evidence [Seite 38]
2.2.2 - 2.2.2 Theoretical Considerations [Seite 44]
2.3 - 2.3 Consequences for Lexical Meaning [Seite 52]
2.3.1 - 2.3.1 Problematic Data [Seite 53]
2.3.2 - 2.3.2 Approaches to Meaning in the Lexicon [Seite 59]
2.3.2.1 - 2.3.2.1 The Maximalist Approach [Seite 60]
2.3.2.2 - 2.3.2.2 The Intermediate Approach [Seite 64]
2.3.3 - 2.3.3 Semantic Underspecification in the Lexicon [Seite 71]
2.3.3.1 - 2.3.3.1 The Minimalist Approach [Seite 71]
2.3.3.2 - 2.3.3.2 Ruhl's monosemic approach [Seite 76]
2.3.3.3 - 2.3.3.3 A Cognitive Approach [Seite 77]
2.3.3.4 - 2.3.3.4 Underspecification and Conventionality [Seite 82]
2.3.3.5 - 2.3.3.5 Underspecification and Semantic Relations [Seite 84]
2.3.3.6 - 2.3.3.6 More Underspecification in the Lexicon [Seite 85]
2.3.3.7 - 2.3.3.7 Underspecification of Semantic Composition [Seite 88]
2.4 - 2.4 Empirical Investigations of Aspects of Semantics [Seite 90]
2.4.1 - 2.4.1 Polysemy vs. Underspecification in the Lexicon [Seite 90]
2.4.2 - 2.4.2 Empirical Evidence for Semantic vs. Pragmatic Processing [Seite 96]
2.5 - 2.5 Why the Standard Notions? [Seite 101]
2.6 - 2.6 Summary [Seite 105]
3 - 3 Utterance Meaning and the Literal/Non-literal Distinction [Seite 109]
3.1 - 3.1 Levels of Meaning [Seite 110]
3.1.1 - 3.1.1 Grice's Four Types of Meaning [Seite 110]
3.1.2 - 3.1.2 Bierwisch's Three Levels of Meaning [Seite 115]
3.1.3 - 3.1.3 Summary [Seite 120]
3.2 - 3.2 The Problem of Characterising the Level of Utterance Meaning [Seite 122]
3.2.1 - 3.2.1 Explicit/Implicit Meaning [Seite 124]
3.2.1.1 - 3.2.1.1 Explicatures [Seite 124]
3.2.1.2 - 3.2.1.2 Implicitures [Seite 133]
3.2.2 - 3.2.2 Unarticulated Constituents vs. Hidden Indexicals [Seite 137]
3.2.3 - 3.2.3 Minimal Semantic Content and Full Propositionality [Seite 148]
3.2.4 - 3.2.4 Minimal Proposition vs. Proposition Expressed [Seite 157]
3.3 - 3.3 Summary [Seite 164]
4 - 4 Utterance Meaning and Communicative Sense - Two Levels or One? [Seite 169]
4.1 - 4.1 Problematic Phenomena [Seite 171]
4.1.1 - 4.1.1 Metaphor [Seite 171]
4.1.1.1 - 4.1.1.1 Traditional Characterisation and its Problems [Seite 171]
4.1.1.2 - 4.1.1.2 Metaphor and The Similarity of Various Types of Meaning [Seite 173]
4.1.1.3 - 4.1.1.3 Metaphor and Attributive Categories [Seite 176]
4.1.1.4 - 4.1.1.4 Empirical Results Concerning Metaphor Interpretation [Seite 178]
4.1.1.5 - 4.1.1.5 Formal approaches to metaphor interpretation [Seite 182]
4.1.1.6 - 4.1.1.6 Summary [Seite 189]
4.1.2 - 4.1.2 Irony [Seite 191]
4.1.2.1 - 4.1.2.1 Traditional Characterisation and its Problems [Seite 191]
4.1.2.2 - 4.1.2.2 Irony as echoic interpretive use [Seite 192]
4.1.2.3 - 4.1.2.3 Irony as a Form of Indirect Negation [Seite 195]
4.1.2.4 - 4.1.2.4 Empirical Results Concerning Irony Interpretation [Seite 198]
4.1.2.5 - 4.1.2.5 Summary [Seite 205]
4.1.3 - 4.1.3 Conversational Implicatures [Seite 206]
4.1.3.1 - 4.1.3.1 Generalised vs. Particularised Conversational Implicature - Theoretical Approaches [Seite 206]
4.1.3.2 - 4.1.3.2 (Mostly) Empirical Evidence Concerning GCIs [Seite 217]
4.1.3.3 - 4.1.3.3 Summary [Seite 226]
4.1.4 - 4.1.4 Speech Acts [Seite 227]
4.2 - 4.2 Differentiating What is Said from What is Meant [Seite 232]
4.2.1 - 4.2.1 What is Said/What is Meant and Indirect Speech Reports [Seite 234]
4.2.2 - 4.2.2 Primary vs. Secondary Pragmatic Processes [Seite 239]
4.2.3 - 4.2.3 What is Said/What is Meant and Distinct Knowledge Systems [Seite 244]
4.3 - 4.3 Summary [Seite 252]
5 - 5 Varieties of Meaning, Context and the Semantics/Pragmatics Distinction [Seite 256]
5.1 - 5.1 Towards an Alternative Characterisation of (Non-)Literal Meaning [Seite 256]
5.1.1 - 5.1.1 Literal Meaning and Types of Non-literal Meaning [Seite 258]
5.1.2 - 5.1.2 Literal Meaning as 'Minimal Meaning' [Seite 265]
5.1.3 - 5.1.3 Nature of the Processes Determining (Non)-Literal Meaning [Seite 271]
5.1.4 - 5.1.4 (Non-)Literal Meaning as (Non-)Basic Meaning [Seite 278]
5.2 - 5.2 The Nature of Context in Utterance Interpretation [Seite 285]
5.2.1 - 5.2.1 Context and the Interpretation of Implicit Meaning Aspects [Seite 286]
5.2.1.1 - 5.2.1.1 Free Enrichment and Implicit Meaning Aspects [Seite 286]
5.2.1.2 - 5.2.1.2 Discourse Interpretation and Information from Conceptual Frames [Seite 290]
5.2.1.3 - 5.2.1.3 Free Enrichment and Information from Conceptual Frames [Seite 294]
5.2.1.4 - 5.2.1.4 Consequences [Seite 302]
5.2.2 - 5.2.2 Context, Semantic Interpretation and the Semantics/ Pragmatics Distinction [Seite 303]
5.3 - 5.3 Summary [Seite 314]
6 - 6 Summary [Seite 317]
7 - List of Figures [Seite 321]
8 - Bibliography [Seite 323]
9 - Index [Seite 335]