Characterization of the Electrical Environment

Name: Characterization of the Electrical Environment | Proceedings of the 2nd Wartburg Aroma Symposium 1987. Organized by Central Institute of Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke/GDR Academy of Sciences of the GDR Eisenach/GDR, November 16th-19th, 1987
Brand: University of Toronto Press
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Proceedings of the 2nd Wartburg Aroma Symposium 1987. Organized by Central Institute of Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke/GDR Academy of Sciences of the GDR Eisenach/GDR, November 16th-19th, 1987

David Bodle Axel Ghazi Moninuddin Syed Ralph Woodside(Autor*in)

University of Toronto Press

1. Auflage

Erschienen am 15. Dezember 1976

277 Seiten

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Inhalt

Cover
CONTENTS
PREFACE
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Purpose
1.2 Scope
1.2.1 Protection versus noise domain
1.2.2 Areas of usefulness
1.2.3 General protection considerations
1.3 Glossary
2. LIGHTNING EFFECTS ON COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
2.1 Fundamental Aspects
2.1.1 General
2.1.2 Types and incidence of thunderstorms
2.1.3 Stroke incidence
2.1.4 Thunderstorm electrification
2.1.5 Mechanism of the lightning stroke
2.1.6 Lightning magnitudes and waveshapes
2.1.7 Soil resistivity
2.1.8 lonization producing soil breakdown
2.1.9 Plant damage
2.1.10 Exposure classification
2.2 Evaluation of Lightning Exposure Conditions
2.2.1 Stroke incidence to plant and structures
2.2.2 Aerial cables
2.2.3 Structures
2.2.4 Buried cables
2.2.5 Submarine cables
2.2.6 Correlation between theoretical predictions and reported plant troubles
2.2.7 Surge parameters - general
2.2.8 Cable plant - general considerations
2.2.9 Open wire communication lines - surge parameters
2.2.10 Aerial exchange cable - surge parameters
2.2.11 Buried trunk cable - surge parameters
2.2.12 Summary of surge current parameters
2.2.13 Parameters for simulation testing
2.2.14 Coaxial cable (20 tubes)
2.2.15 Crushing of buried cables by lightning
2.2.16 Consideration of multiple strokes
2.3 References
3. POWER INTERFERENCE (Under Abnormal Conditions)
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Scope
3.3 Characteristics of Power Systems and Their Effects on Telecommunications Plant
3.3.1 General
3.3.2 Circuit connection
3.3.3 Load: electrical and geometric unbalances
3.3.4 Operating voltages
3.3.5 Power line length
3.3.6 Line construction and grounding
3.4 Power System Protection
3.5 Line Protection on Transmission Circuits
3.5.1 Pilot wire
3.5.2 Phase comparison
3.5.3 Transfer tripping
3.5.4 Directional comparison
3.5.5 Relay types
3.5.6 Line protection on subtransmission and distribution circuits
3.6 Impedance - Resistance (X/R) Ratios
3.7 The Effects of System MVA Capacity
3.8 The Power Networks in Bell Canada Territory
3.9 Location of Communication Plant with Respect to the Power Network
3.10 Capacitive Coupling
3.10.1 Mechanism and formulas
3.10.2 The relative significance of electric induction
3.11 Resistive Coupling
3.11.1 Mechanism and formulas
3.11.2 Power contacts
3.11.3 Electrical requirements
3.11.4 Incidence of power contact in Bell Canada plant
3.12 Magnetic Coupling
3.12.1 General
3.12.2 Mechanisms and formulas
3.13 The Fault Current
3.13.1 Analysis
3.13.2 Residual current - variation with distance
3.14 L/G Fault Data
3.14.1 General
3.14.2 Fault resistances
3.14.3 Levels - distribution with respect to distance
3.14.4 Power system protection - fault clearing timing sequence
3.14.5 Power systems transmission and distribution
3.15 Geographical Parameters
3.15.1 General
3.15.2 Power exposure density
3.16 Other Considerations
3.16.1 Power system reliability
3.16.2 Skywire shielding
3.16.3 Problems in metropolitan areas
3.17 DC Offset - Overshoot
3.17.1 General
3.17.2 Significance of parameters
3.17.3 Transmission circuits (=100 kV)
3.17.4 Resistive coupling
3.17.5 Distribution circuits
3.17.6 Variation in the reactances of the power network
3.17.7 Example
3.18 Cumulative Distribution Curves of Induced Voltages - Application to Future Systems
3.18.1 General
3.18.2 Algorithms
3.19 Recommendations
3.19.1 Pilot studies
3.19.2 Earth resistivity
3.19.3 Arrangements with power companies
3.19.4 A word of caution
3.19.5 Continuous review of this report
3.20 References
4. ELECTRIC SHOCK
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Degrees of Shock
4.3 Variables Relating to Shock Severity
4.4 Physiological Effects
4.5 Electrical Model of the Human Body
4.6 Body Weight, Current, and Duration
4.6.1 General
4.6.2 Body weight
4.6.3 Threshold of perception
4.6.4 Let-go current
4.6.5 Fibrillation with relation to current and shock duration
4.7 DC Currents
4.8 Surge Currents of Very Short Duration
4.9 Alternating (20 Hz) in Combination with Direct Current
4.9.1 General
4.9.2 Application of results to shock problems
4.10 Summary of Electric Shock Effects on Humans
4.11 Effects on Humans of Radiation from Microwave Radio Transmitters
4.12 Acoustic Shock
4.13 Glossary
4.14 References
5. EARTH POTENTIAL GRADIENTS
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Methods of Determining Earth Potential Distribution Patterns
5.2.1 General
5.2.2 Basic analytical concepts
5.3 Field Measurements
5.4 Scale Model Tests
5.5 Existing Data
5.6 References
5.7 Appendix A: Potential Gradients along the Surface of the Earth - Analytical Considerations and Procedures
A.1 General
A.2 The earth potential on the surface of the earth around a vertical ground rod
A.3 Potential gradient around a small multiple rod grounding array
A.4 Potential gradients around large grounding structures
A.5 Potential distribution in the vicinity of a buried horizontal conductor
5.8 Appendix B: Earth Potentials Produced by Magnetic Storms
B.1 Magnetic storms - general information
B.2 Earth potential effects on power and communication systems
B.3 Conclusions
B.4 References
6. CORROSION
6.1 Introduction
6.2 The Corrosion Process
6.2.1 Mechanism
6.2.2 Corrosion rate
6.3 Sources of Corrosion
6.3.1 Stray current corrosion
6.3.2 Galvanic corrosion
6.3.3 The pH of the environment
6.3.4 Corrosive agents
6.4 Control of Corrosion
6.4.1 General
6.4.2 Control of stray current corrosion
6.4.3 Control of galvanic corrosion
6.4.4 Control of crevice corrosion
6.4.5 Control of corrosion at soldered joints
6.4.6 Control of corrosion at welded joints
6.5 Cathodic Protection
6.5.1 General
6.5.2 Relation between protective current and corrosion current
6.6 Corrosion Measurements
6.6.1 Potential measurements
6.6.2 Current measurements
6.7 Materials
6.8 Economic and Environmental Considerations
6.8.1 Corrosion mitigation
6.8.2 Future environmental hazards
6.9 Conclusions
6.10 References
7. OVER-VOLTAGE IN AC POWER UTILIZATION CIRCUITS (600 V rms and Less)
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Sources of Information
7.3 Exposure
7.4 Surge Magnitudes
7.5 Surge Waveshapes
7.6 Correlation of Measured Data with Experience
7.7 References
8. ELECTROMAGNETIC PULSE: EFFECTS ON COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS AND PROTECTION POLICY
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Protection Considerations
8.3 Unclassified Sources of EMP and Physical Hardening Information

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