Making Meaning of Data in Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research

Name: Making Meaning of Data in Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research
Brand: American Pharmacists Association
Price: 198.99 EUR
Availability: OnlineOnly

Susan Blalock(Autor*in)

American Pharmacists Association (Verlag)

1. Auflage

Erschienen am 22. März 2019

376 Seiten

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978-1-58212-323-3 (ISBN)

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Inhalt

Intro
PREFACE
THE BASICS
1 DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
Understanding Variables
Summarizing the Data Collected in a Study
Interpreting Normal and Standard Normal Distributions
Reading Tables and Figures
Self-Study Questions
2 ASSESSING RATES AND RISKS
Assessing Rates
Vital Statistic Rates
Raw (Crude) Versus Adjusted Rates
Assessing Risks
Self-Study Questions
STATISTICAL INFERENCE AND BETWEEN GROUP COMPARISONS
3 PROBABILITY AND STATISTICAL INFERENCE
Probability Concepts and Basic Rules
Population Parameters and Sample Statistics
Theoretical Probability Distributions
Sampling Distributions
Making Inferences Concerning the Population Mean
Final Thoughts
Self-Study Questions
4 T-TESTS AND ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
T-Tests
1-Sample T-Tests
Paired T-Tests
Independent Groups T-Tests
T-Test Recap
Multiple Comparisons and Alpha Error
ANOVA
One-Way Analysis of Variance (1-Way ANOVA).
Factorial ANOVA
Repeated Measures ANOVA
Assumptions of ANOVA
Examples from the Literature
Self-Study Questions
References
5 ORDINAL OUTCOME VARIABLES
One Sample Assessed One Time: Sign Test
One Sample Assessed Two Times: Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test
Two Samples Assessed One Time: Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test (AKA Mann Whitney U Test)
More Complex Designs
Examples from the Literature
Self-Study Questions
References
6 NOMINAL OUTCOME VARIABLES
One Sample Assessed One Time: Binomial Test or Z Approximation
Assessing Change Over Time: McNemar Test
Two Samples Assessed One Time: Chi-Square, Fisher's Exact, and Z Approximation Tests
Examples from the Literature
Self-Study Questions
References
CORRELATION AND REGRESSION
7 CORRELATION AND LINEAR REGRESSION
Bivariate Correlations
Pearson Correlation Coefficient.
Spearman Correlation Coefficient
Linear Regression Analysis
Multiple Linear Regression
Model Building
Summary of Important Points
Extensions of the Linear Model
Examples From the Literature
Self-Study Questions
References
8 LOGISTIC REGRESSION
Comparison of the Linear and Logistic Models
Interpreting Logistic Regression Findings
Model Building and Evaluating Model Fit
Examples from the Literature
Self-Study Questions
References
9 SURVIVAL ANALYSIS
Analytic Challenges
Life Table Analysis
Comparing Survival Curves
Hazard Ratio
Kaplan-Meier Method and Cox Proportional Hazards Model
Assumptions of Survival Analysis
Clinical Trial Examples
Self-Study Questions
References
FINISHING TOUCHES
10 ASSESSING STUDY MEASURES
Assessing Reliability
Internal Consistency Reliability
Test-Retest Reliability
Interrater Reliability
Assessing Validity
Assessing Responsiveness
Measurement Properties of Diagnostic Tests
Sensitivity
Specificity
Clinical Inferences Based on Test Results
PPV
NPV
Effect of Prevalence on PPV and NPV
Accuracy
Likelihood Ratios
Effect of Different Cutoff Points on Sensitivity and Specificity
Receiver Operating Characteristic Curves
Self-Study Questions
11 ASSESSING EQUIVALENCE AND NONINFERIORITY
Traditional Approach: Demonstrating Superiority
Demonstrating Noninferiority
Demonstrating Equivalence
Important Considerations
Example from the Literature
Self-Study Questions
References
12 META-ANALYSIS
Characteristics of a Systematic Review
Meta-Analysis
Example from the Literature
Self-Study Questions
References
APPENDICES
A Summary of Statistical Tests
B Answers to Exercises and Self-Study Questions

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