Forensic Analysis on the Cutting Edge

Name: Forensic Analysis on the Cutting Edge | New Methods for Trace Evidence Analysis
Brand: Wiley
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New Methods for Trace Evidence Analysis

Robert D. Blackledge(Herausgeber*in)

Wiley (Verlag)

Erschienen am 28. Juni 2008

368 Seiten

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978-0-470-16690-1 (ISBN)

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Inhalt

Intro
Forensic Analysis on the Cutting Edge
Contents
Preface
Foreword
Contributors
1. All that Glitters Is Gold!
1.1 What Is Glitter?
1.2 The Ideal Contact Trace
1.2.1 Nearly Invisible
1.2.2 High Probability of Transfer and Retention
1.2.3 Highly Individualistic
1.2.4 Quickly and Easily Collected, Separated, and Concentrated
1.2.5 Easily Characterized
1.2.6 Computerized Database Capability
1.3 Characterization Methods
1.3.1 Color
1.3.2 Morphology
1.3.3 Shape
1.3.4 Size
1.3.5 Specific Gravity
1.3.6 Thickness
1.3.7 Cross Section
1.3.8 Infrared Spectra
1.3.9 Raman Microspectroscopy
1.3.10 Scanning Electron Microscopy/Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy
1.4 Glitter as Evidence in Criminal Cases
References
2. Forensic Analysis of Automotive Airbag Contact-Not Just a Bag of Hot Air
2.1 History of Airbags
2.2 How Do Airbags Work?
2.3 Types of Forensic Evidence to Look for
2.4 Airbag Case Reports and Examples
2.5 Changes that Are Occurring
2.6 Final Discussion
References
3. Ink Analysis Using UV Laser Desorption Mass Spectrometry
3.1 Introduction
3.2 The Instrumentation
3.3 The Analyte Target Molecules
3.4 LDMS for the Analysis of Dyes in Pen Inks
3.5 Related Applications
3.6 LDMS Analyses that "Don't Work"
3.7 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
4. Condom Trace Evidence in Sexual Assaults: Recovery and Characterization
4.1 Introduction
4.1.1 Forensic Significance
4.1.2 Production, Sale, and Use of Condoms
4.1.3 Condom Production
4.2 Examination for Condom Residue Traces
4.3 Forensic Evaluation of the Substances and Examinations
4.4 Case Studies
References
5. Latent Invisible Trace Evidence: Chemical Detection Strategies
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Latent Bloodstain Detection
5.3 Fingerprint Detection with Near-Infrared Dyes
5.4 Pepper Spray Detection
5.4.1 Pepper Spray Detection Using Near-Infrared Fluorescent Dyes
5.4.2 Pepper Spray Detection Using Chemical Derivatization
References
6. Applications of Cathodoluminescence in Forensic Science
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Theory
6.2.1 Luminescence Terminology
6.2.2 Electron Source
6.2.3 Cathodoluminesence
6.2.4 Limitations
6.3 Instrumentation
6.3.1 Electron Source
6.3.2 Microscope
6.3.3 Camera
6.3.4 Spectrometer
6.3.5 SEM-CL
6.4 Techniques and Forensic Considerations
6.4.1 Instrumental Conditions
6.4.2 Sample Preparation and Preservation
6.4.3 Image Collection
6.4.4 Spectral Collection
6.4.5 Luminescence Fading
6.4.6 Sample Alteration
6.5 Luminescent Minerals
6.5.1 Calcium Carbonate Group
6.5.2 Feldspar Group
6.5.3 Quartz
6.5.4 Accessory Minerals
6.6 Forensic Applications
6.6.1 Screening and Comparison
6.6.2 Identification
6.6.3 Authentication
6.6.4 Provenance
6.7 Geological Samples: Soil and Sand
6.8 Anthropogenic Materials
6.8.1 Cement and Concrete
6.8.2 Slag, Fly Ash, and Bottom Ash
6.8.3 Glass
6.8.4 Paint
6.8.5 Duct Tape
6.9 Conclusions and Outlook
Acknowledgments
References
7. Forensic Application of DARTT (Direct Analysis in Real Time) Mass Spectrometry
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Experimental
7.3 Drug and Pharmaceutical Analysis
7.3.1 Confiscated Samples
7.3.2 Endogenous Drugs
7.3.3 Drug Residues on Surfaces
7.4 Samples from the Human Body
7.4.1 Fingerprints
7.4.2 Bodily Fluids
7.5 Condom Lubricants
7.6 Dyes
7.6.1 Self-Defense Sprays
7.6.2 Currency-Pack Dye
7.7 Explosives
7.8 Arson Accelerants
7.9 Chemical Warfare Agents
7.10 Elevated-Temperature DART for Material Identification
7.11 Glues
7.12 Plastics
7.13 Fibers
7.14 Identification of Inks
7.15 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
8. Forensic Analysis of Dyes in Fibers Via Mass Spectrometry
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Conventional Fiber Color Comparison Methods Employed in Forensic Laboratories
8.3 Shortcomings Associated with UV-Vis Based Comparative Analysis for Trace-Fiber Color Evaluations
8.4 General Overview of Modern Dye Ionization Techniques for Mass Analysis
8.5 Trace-Fiber Color Discrimination by Direct ESI-MS Analysis
8.6 Examples of Negative Ion ESI-MS Analysis of Colored Nylon Windings
8.7 Examples of Tandem Mass Spectrometry (MS/MS) Applications to Elucidate Structure
8.8 LC-MS Analysis of Dyes Extracted from Trace Fibers
8.9 Proposed Protocols to Compare Trace-Fiber Extracts
8.9.1 Direct Infusion MS/MS Protocol
8.9.2 Generalized LC-MS and LC-MS/MS Protocol
8.10 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
9. Characterization of Surface-Modified Fibers
9.1 Fibers as Associative Evidence
9.2 Surface-Modified Fibers
9.3 Preliminary Examinations
9.3.1 Infrared Spectra and Properties Measured by Polarized Light Microscopy
9.3.2 Infrared Mapping with an FTIR Microscope
9.3.3 Raman Mapping
9.3.4 AATCC Test Method 118-2002
9.3.5 A Simple Example
9.4 Distinguishing Tests
9.4.1 Scanning Electron Microscopy/Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy
9.4.2 Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry
9.4.3 Pyrolysis Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry
Acknowledgments
References
10. Characterization of Smokeless Powders
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Purpose of Analysis
10.2.1 Identification of Smokeless Powder
10.2.2 Determining Brand
10.3 Brief History of Smokeless Powder
10.4 Characterization Toward Smokeless Powder Identification
10.5 Characterization Toward Brand Identification
10.5.1 Characterization by Morphology
10.5.2 Micromorphology
10.5.3 Other Characteristics
10.6 Micrometry
10.7 Mass
10.8 FTIR Spectroscopy
10.8.1 Transmission Micro-FTIR
10.8.2 ATR-FTIR
10.9 Chromatography with Mass Spectrometry
10.9.1 Gas Chromatography
10.9.2 Liquid Chromatography
10.10 Conclusion
References
11. Glass Cuts
11.1 A Homicide
11.2 A Robbery
11.3 A Hit and Run
11.4 Cutting Versus Tearing
11.5 Slash Cuts Made by Glass
11.5.1 Associated Glass
11.5.2 Fabric Type
11.5.3 Blade Characteristics
11.6 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Additional Sources
12. Forensic Examination of Pressure Sensitive Tape
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Product Variability
12.3 Tape Construction
12.3.1 Tape Backings
12.3.2 Adhesive Formulations
12.3.3 Common Reinforcement Fabrics
12.4 Duct Tape
12.5 Electrical Tape
12.6 Polypropylene Packaging Tape
12.6.1 Oriented Films
12.6.2 Polarized Light Microscopy Examinations of Packing Tapes
12.6.3 Is It MOPP or BOPP?
12.6.4 Thickness
12.6.5 Degree of Offset from the Machine Edge
12.7 Strapping/Filament Tapes
12.8 Masking Tape
12.9 Initial Handling
12.9.1 Sharing Evidence with Other Sections
12.9.2 Untangling Tape and Recovering Trace Evidence
12.10 Methods
12.10.1 Physical End Matching
12.10.2 Physical Characteristics
12.10.3 Separation of Backing, Reinforcement, and Adhesive
12.10.4 FTIR Analysis
12.10.5 Elemental Analysis
12.10.6 Polarized Light Microscopy
12.10.7 Pyrolysis GC/MS
12.10.8 Sourcing Tape Products to a Manufacturer
12.11 Case Example
Acknowledgments
References
Additional Sources
13. Discrimination of Forensic Analytical Chemical Data Using Multivariate Statistics
13.1 Patterns in Data
13.2 Experimental Design and Preprocessing
13.3 Dimensionality Reduction by Principal Component Analysis for Visualizing Multivariate Data
13.4 Visualizing Group Differences by Linear Discriminant Analysis
13.5 Group Separation, Classification Accuracy, and Outlier Detection
13.6 Selected Applications
13.7 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
14. The Color Determination of Optically Variable Flake Pigments
14.1 Introduction
14.2 OVP: Form, Characteristics, and Function
14.3 Color Measurement
14.4 Color Blending
14.5 Additive Color Theory
14.6 Methods of Formulating OVP
14.7 Blending of Pigments
14.8 Microspectrophotometry
14.9 Measurement Geometry
14.10 Switching Objective Magnifications
14.11 Determining Sample Size
14.12 Measurement Uncertainty
14.13 Sample Preparation and Measurement
14.14 Spectral Profiling
14.15 Statistical Methods of Evaluation
14.16 Challenges for the Future
14.17 Other forensic Methods
Acknowledgments
References
Additional Sources
15. Forensic Science Applications of Stable Isotope Ratio Analysis
15.1 What Are Stable Isotopes?
15.2 What Are the Units for Expressing the Abundance of Stable Isotopes?
15.3 What Is the Basis for Variations in Stable Isotope Abundances?
15.4 What Instrumentation Is Needed for High-Precision Stable Isotope Measurements?
15.5 How Can Stable Isotope Analyses Assist Forensics Cases?
15.6 Stable Isotope Abundances in Forensic Evidence
15.6.1 Food Products, Food Authenticity, and Adulteration
15.6.2 Doping and Drugs of Abuse
15.6.3 Sourcing of Humans, Animals, and Animal Products
15.6.4 Humans: Bones, Hair, and Teeth
15.6.5 Stable Isotope Abundances of Manufactured Items
References
Index

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