3D Digital Geological Models

List of Contributors xi

Preface xvii

1 3D Digital Geological Models: From Terrestrial Outcrops to Planetary Surfaces 1
Andrea Bistacchi, Matteo Massironi, and Sophie Viseur

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 DOM/SM Reconstruction and Interpretation Workflows 2

1.3 Morphometric Analysis Across Different Scales and Planets 4

1.4 3D Modelling of the Subsurface from Surface Data 5

1.5 Summary and Perspectives 6

Part I DOM and SM Reconstruction and Interpretation Workflows 11

2 Digital Outcrop Model Reconstruction and Interpretation 13
Andrea Bistacchi, Silvia Mittempergher, and Mattia Martinelli

2.1 Introduction 13

2.2 Photogrammetric Surveys and Processing for DOMs 14

2.3 Point-Cloud vs. Textured-Surface DOMs 21

2.4 Geological Interpretation of DOMs 23

2.5 Discussion and Conclusion 26

2.6 Summary and Perspectives 28

3 The PRoViDE Framework: Accurate 3D Geological Models for Virtual Exploration of the Martian Surface from Rover and Orbital Imagery 33
Christoph Traxler, Thomas Ortner, Gerd Hesina, Robert Barnes, Sanjeev Gupta, Gerhard Paar, Jan-Peter Muller, Yu Tao, and Konrad Willner

3.1 Introduction 33

3.2 Components and Methods 34

3.3 Geological Interpretations of DOMs 48

3.4 Conclusions 52

4 Vombat: An Open Source Tool for Creating Stratigraphic Logs from Virtual Outcrops 57
L. Penasa, M. Franceschi, and N. Preto

4.1 Introduction 57

4.2 Vombat 58

4.3 Examples 64

4.4 Discussion 66

4.5 Conclusions 67

5 Interpretation and Mapping of Geological Features Using Mobile Devices in Outcrop Geology: A Case Study of the Saltwick Formation, North Yorkshire, UK 71
Christian Kehl, James R. Mullins, Simon J. Buckley, John A. Howell, and Robert L. Gawthorpe

5.1 Introduction 71

5.2 The Geological Setting: The Saltwick Formation 72

5.3 From Geological Surface Interpretation to Statistical Subsurface 3D Models 74

5.4 Mobile Interpretation Using Image-to-Geometry Techniques 76

5.5 Model Construction 82

5.6 Multiple Point Statistics Simulation of the Saltwick Formation 86

5.7 Discussion 87

6 Image Analysis Algorithms for Semiautomatic Lineament Detection in Geological Outcrops 93
Silvia Mittempergher and Andrea Bistacchi

6.1 Introduction 93

6.2 The DOMStudioImage Toolbox 94

6.3 Lineament Detection Workflow 94

6.4 Results on Geological Images 102

6.5 Discussion 103

6.6 Conclusions 105

Part II Morphometric Analysis Across Different Scales and Planets 109

7 Mapping Coastal Erosion of a Mediterranean Cliff with a Boat-Borne Laser Scanner: Performance, Processing, and Cliff Erosion Rate 111
Jérémy Giuliano, Thomas J. B. Dewez, Thomas Lebourg, Vincent Godard, Mélody Prémaillon, and Nathalie Marçot

7.1 Introduction 111

7.2 Test Site and Study Setting 112

7.3 Datasets 113

7.4 Point Cloud: Quality Assessment 115

7.5 LiDAR Data Processing 117

7.6 Results 121

7.7 Discussion 123

7.8 Conclusion 125

8 A DEM-Based Volume Extraction Approach: From Micro-Scale Weathering Forms to Planetary Lava Tubes 133
Riccardo Pozzobon, Claudio Mazzoli, Silvia Salvini, Francesco Sauro, Matteo Massironi, and Tommaso Santagata

8.1 Introduction 133

8.2 Micro-elevation Maps and DEMs Production 135

8.3 Volumes Extraction 136

8.4 Results and Discussion 141

8.5 Conclusions 143

9 Robust Detection of Circular Shapes on 3D Meshes Based on Discrete Curvatures: Application to Impact Craters Recognition 149
Jean-Luc Mari, Sophie Viseur, Sylvain Bouley, Martin-Pierre Schmidt, Jennifer Muscato, Florian Beguet, Sarah Bali, and Laurent Jorda

9.1 Introduction 149

9.2 Related Work 150

9.3 Basic Notions 150

9.4 Approach Based on Ring Propagation 152

9.5 Approach Based on Circle Fitting 155

9.6 Conclusion 156

Part III 3D Modelling of the Subsurface from Surface Data 159

10 Remote Sensing and Field Data Based Structural 3D Modelling (Haslital, Switzerland) in Combination with Uncertainty Estimation and Verification by Underground Data 161
Roland Baumberger, Marco Herwegh, and Edi Kissling

10.1 Introduction 161

10.2 Geological Setting 164

10.3 Methodology 165

10.4 Results and Discussion 176

10.5 Summary Discussion and Conclusions 187

11 Application of Implicit 3D Modelling to Reconstruct the Layered Structure of the Comet 67P 199
Luca Penasa, Matteo Massironi, Emanuele Simioni, Marco Franceschi, Giampiero Naletto, Sabrina Ferrari, Ivano Bertini, Pamela Cambianica, Elisa Frattin, Fiorangela La Forgia, Alice Lucchetti, Maurizio Pajola, Frank Preusker, Frank Scholten, Laurent Jorda, Robert Gaskell, and Holger Sierks

11.1 Introduction 199

11.2 A Modelling Strategy for Onion-Like Layers 201

11.3 Model Fitting 204

11.4 Visualization and Validation of the Models 208

11.5 Conclusions 211

Acknowledgments 211

References 212

Index 215