Sustainable Materials Science - Environmental Metallurgy

Name: Sustainable Materials Science - Environmental Metallurgy | Volume 2 : Pollution and emissions, biodiversity, toxicology and ecotoxicology, economics and social roles, foresight
Brand: EDP sciences
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Volume 2 : Pollution and emissions, biodiversity, toxicology and ecotoxicology, economics and social roles, foresight

Jean-Pierre Birat(Autor*in)

EDP sciences (Verlag)

1. Auflage

Erschienen am 22. Februar 2021

682 Seiten

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Inhalt

Cover
Table of contents
Foreword
Preface
Chapter 1. The special roles that metals like steel or copper play in the energy system
Abstract
Keywords
1. Introduction
2. Steel helps gain access to more energy
3. Steel makes it possible to provide the right amount of energy in the right form
4. Conventional processes of metallic iron production
4.1 Reliance on carbon-based energy sources
4.2 Coal is a natural capital partially transferred to metallic iron
4.3 Power generation in the conventional steel production process
4.4 Exchanges with the energy network
5. Basics of steel production: energy needs for metallic iron production
6. Principles of steel production: choice of a form of work to produce iron
7. Integration in the electricity grid of steady electric production of metallic iron to manage peak demand
7.1 Steady electric production of metallic iron
7.2 Grid balance and variable electricity demand
7.3 Empowerment of individual end-users
7.4 Demand response in general
7.5 Demand response from a flexible electrolytic plant
7.6 Section conclusion
8. Contribution to Decarbonization
8.1 Reliance on a panel of primary energy sources that includes non-carbon energy sources
8.2 Increased share of fluctuating energy sources
8.3 Energetically favorable CCS, based on the use of oxygen generated by electrolysis
8.4 Limited reliance on backup peaking plants that are strong CO2 emitters
8.5 Improved energy efficiency of fossil fuel power plants
8.6 Conclusion about carbon dioxide energy mitigation
9. Contribution to Energy storage
9.1 Energy is stored in metal electrowinning systems
9.2 Iron is the best-fitted atom to carry out redox reactions
9.3 Hydrogen is worst-fitted to carry out redox reactions
9.4 Iron system is a low-capital storage system
9.5 Conclusion on energy storage
10. Conservation of natural capital and minimization of anthropogenic capital
10.1 Reduced consumption of natural energy resources
10.2 Conservation of existing capital of power plants, increasing their capacity factor
10.3 Steel maintains its capital by recycling
10.4 Conclusions on conservation of natural capital and anthropogenic infrastructure
10.5 Electrification of steel production as an outlet to electricity generation
10.6 Component of the electricity grid with firm commitment
10.7 Single counterpart, which controls a large share of demand
10.8 Responsiveness to higher-value applications of electricity
10.9 Centralized electrification is better than electrification of personal transport PHEV
10.10 Low-dependency on future energy scenarios
10.11 Conclusions on the smart use of energy
11. Extensions of Energy Networks
11.1 Iron ore trade represents a network comparable to existing energy resource networks
11.2 Steel trade constitutes an energy network, transporting energy in a compact form
11.3 Correlating RENs and energy needs separated by long distances
11.4 Low immobilization of resources, no stockpiles of energy, fluid energy networks
11.5 Steel competes favorably with hydrogen as an energy
11.6 Scrap is similar to an energy network
11.7 Steel contributes to the man-made environment of energy networks and creates a positive feedback
11.8 Conclusions on extension of energy networks
12. Conclusions
13. Acknowledgments
14. Bibliography
15. References
Chapter 2. Materials, Greenhouse Gas emissions and Climate Change
Abstract
Keywords
1. Introduction
2. Climate Change 101
2.1 Physics of the atmosphere
2.2 Anthropogenic GreenHouse Gas emissions
2.3 Abundant evidence of rapid Climate Change [20]
2.4 Foresight and Climate Change
3. Low-carbon policies for countries, cities, industry, civil society and other players
3.1 International efforts to fight Climate Change
3.2 The role of countries
3.3 EU policies
3.4 Cities [49]
3.5 Civil Society
3.6 Industry
4. How to track the responsibility for Climate Change?
5. Mitigation paths in the materials sectors
5.1 The Steel sector
5.2 Non-ferrous metals
5.3 Other materials
5.4 Conclusion on materials
6. Conclusions
Appendix 1 Global warming potential of various gases from AR4
Appendix 2 Equivalence between the SRES and RCP scenarios of the IPCC
Appendix 3 Summary of the ULCOS program
Appendix 4 Process routes recently investigated in the EU for low-carbon steel production
7. Bibliography
8. References
Chapter 3. Biodiversity and Materials
Abstract
Keywords
1. Introduction
2. Biodiversity and ecosystem services. What can be learned from scientific ecology?
3. Business strategies to address biodiversity issues
4. A miner's experience with Biodiversity
5. A Steel company's approach to biodiversity [37]
6. Biodiversity and ecosystem stability
7. Conclusions
8. Bibliography
9. References
Chapter 4. Methods to deal with materials in a holistic way : Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), Materials Flow Analysis (MFA), Sustainability Assessment of Technologies (SAT), etc.
Abstract
Keywords
1. Introduction
2. General presentation of holistic methods
3. Life Cycle Assessment [5]
3.1 Introduction to LCA
3.2 First things first... defining LCA from a simple example
3.3 A more formal definition of LCA
3.4 Examples of LCA of common materials
3.5 The future of LCA
3.6 Rebound and perverse effects
3.7 Recycling and LCA
3.8 Dynamic LCA
3.9 Beyond LCA
3.10 Conclusions on LCA
4. Material Flow Analysis
4.1 First things first... defining MFA from a simple example
4.2 MFA of various materials and uses of MFA
4.3 Open issues with MFA
4.4 MFAc
5. Other methods
5.1 Sustainability Assessment of Technologies (SAT)
5.2 Environment decision-making based on Emergy [69,70]
5.3 Sustainability assessment using a scoreboard
5.4 Best available techniques or technologies [75]
5.5 ISO standard series related to environmental issues [76]
6. Conclusion of chapter 4
7. Acknowledgements
Appendix 1 - The metallogeny of old scrap according to the CdF model
Appendix 2 - List of environmental ISO standards of the 14000 series
8. Bibliography
9. References
Chapter 5. Materials and Health
Abstract
Keywords
1. Introduction
2. Elements of toxicology [7]
2.1 Somatic effects of toxicity
2.2 Germinal effects
2.3 Genotoxicity and carcinogenicity
3. Toxicology of populations
4. Ecotoxicology
5. Toxic substances related to materials
5.1 Toxicity of substances as materials or as ion speciations
5.2 Toxicity of substances generated during material production or utilization
5.3 Exposure to ionizing radiation
6. International regulation of chemicals [65]
7. Conclusions
Appendix 1 - Classification of pesticides [77]
Appendix 2 - Toxic Substances List - Schedule 1 [79]
8. Bibliography
9. References
Chapter 6. Emissions & pollution: global & local environmental issues
Abstract
Keywords
1. Introduction
2. Pollution and emissions, when and why did it start?
2.1 Air emissions from material industries [17]
2.2 Air pollution
2.3 Trends in air pollution
2.4 Air pollution and health
2.5 Mechanisms of air pollution
2.6 Local and global air pollution
2.7 Bacterial pollution
2.8 Indoor air pollution
2.9 Foresight on air pollution targets
2.10 Conclusions on air pollution
3. Emissions to water - water contamination and pollution [56-58]
3.1 Air and water
3.2 Basics of water dynamics in the hydrosphere, geosphere and bi
3.3 Water pollution
3.4 Water pollution from industry and particularly from the materials sectors
3.5 Conclusions on water issues and water pollution
4. Soil contamination and ground pollution
4.1 Definition of soil contamination
4.2 Examples of soil contamination
4.3 Sludge and tailings
4.4 Anthropogenic mines
4.5 Legal issues
4.6 Conclusions on ground pollution
5. Responsibility for emissions and pollution and the role of industry, regulatory agencies and other players
5.1 Environmental legislation and rules
5.2 How is closure reached in the case of pollution events?
6. New kinds of pollution
7. Droughts, desertification and long-term phenomena that go beyond simple pollution
8. Conclusions on emissions and pollution
Appendix 1 - Trends in air pollution in Europe [33]
Appendix 2 - Premature mortality due to air pollution in different countries in 2010 [36]
Appendix 3 - Evolution of some organic air emissions (POPs)
Appendix 4 - Evolution of air emissions of some heavy metals since 1990 (France)
Appendix 5 - Conclusions of the UN regarding MDG #7
Appendix 6 - Foresight on particulate matter and ozone concentrations
9. Bibliography
10. References
Chapter 7. History, geography and geopolitics of materials
Abstract
Keywords
1. Introduction
2. Materials
2.1 Materials before metals
2.2 Early metals in Ancient Times
2.3 The Middle Ages until Modern Times
2.4 The industrial revolutions
2.5 Timeline of changes in the materials activities since the late 1600s
2.6 Materia economicus
3. Materials production: geographic distribution of the major world players
3.1 Iron and steel
3.2 Cement
3.3 Cobalt
3.4 Other metals
4. Materials production: business dimension of major industrial world players
4.1 Iron and steel
4.2 Aluminum
4.3 Other non-ferrous metals
4.4 Cement
4.5 Polymers
5. Conclusions
Appendix 1 - Structure of the manufacturing industry
Appendix 2 - First and second producers of materials and of some minerals in the world (2015)
6. Bibliography
7. References
Chapter 8. Philosophy, social sciences and holistic views about materials
Abstract
Keywords
1. Introduction
2. Philosophy of Science, of Technology, of Matter and of Materials
2.1 Materialism and Materiality
2.2 Philosophy of Science
2.3 Etymology of keywords in the Philosophy of Science
2.4 Earlier Western Philosophers of Science
2.5 Modern Western Philosophers of Science
2.6 Non-Western philosophies of science
2.7 Philosophy of technology
2.8 Philosophy of materials
2.9 Philosophy of the environment
3. Sociology of Materials
4. Materials, according to Leroi Gourhan
5. Materials, in the historical timeline
6. Materials constitute the frontiers and barriers that separate the world ecology spheres
7. Materials' Social Value
8. Narratives about materials and storytelling
9. Materials' Eco-Social System Services (ESSS)
10. Preconceptions and sophisms related to Materials
11. Strong and Hard vs. Weak and Soft concepts
12. Economic concepts related to materials
12.1 Malthus and Malthusianism
12.2 IPAT equation
12.3 Schumpeter and the theory of creative destruction
13. The Theory of Risk
14. Cleanliness, purity and pollution
15. Progress
16. Conclusions
Appendix 1 - Descartes' rules in the "Discours de la méthode"
Appendix 2 - Witttgenstein's seven proposals
Appendix 3 - List of European technology Platforms (ETPs) in 2017
17. Bibliography
References
Chapter 9. Foresight & Environmental Metallurgy
Abstract
Keywords
1. Introduction
2. Demography & GDP Growth
2.1 Section Demographic projections
2.2 Long-term evolution of economic growth
3. Foresight on environmental impacts
4. Foresight on material production
4.1 The rationales for foresight exercises about materials
4.2 Foresight on materials: Intensity of Use and Intensity of Stock
4.3 Foresight on steel production
4.4 Foresight on aluminum production
4.5 Foresight on cement and glass production
5. Conclusions
Appendix 1 - A very short history of Foresight and Future Studies
Appendix 2 - Population projections up to 2300 [3]
Appendix 3 Largest cities in the 21st century [53]
Appendix 4 Construction of long-term emissions targets (adapted from [8])
Appendix 5 - About Kuznets curves
Appendix 6 - Valley of Death model and Hype Cycle of emerging technologies
6. Bibliography
7. References
Chapter 10. Conclusions, materials in space and time
1. Introduction
2. Imbrication of the technical, social and environmental dimensions of Materials
3. Sustainability and Industrial Ecology narratives
4. Crash course on traditional (old) Materials Science
5. Origin of Materials in the cosmological and the historical pasts
6. Materials are many and complementary
7. Materials' surface, the first boundary between material and ecosphere
8. Process engineering of environmental emissions
9. Resources extracted from the geosphere to make Materials
10. Reuse, Recycling and the Circular Economy
11. Materials and Climate Change
12. Materials and Biodiversity
13. Metrics to measure the sustainability of Materials
14. Materials and Health
15. Emissions during the production of Materials and pollution
16. Materials as geopolitical instruments
17. Softer, Social-Science narratives about Materials
18. Foresight about Materials
19. Conclusions?
20. References
Chapter 11. Materials, COVID-19 and sanitary risks
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Is the COVID-19 pandemic a Black Swan Event?
3. Foresight about the Coranavirus SARS-CoV-2
4. Foresight about the economy, following the COVID-19 pandemic
4.1 Short Term Outlooks (STOs)
4.2 Jobs, employment
4.3 Aggregated indices
4.4 Commodities, materials
4.5 Resilience to crises
4.6 The demand shock and the sanitary crisis
5. Alternative economic views, post-COVID-19 pandemic
6. Views from SSH of the COVID-19 pandemic
7. The virus and nature, the biosphere
7.1 Viruses as an integral part of the biosphere
7.2 Biodiversity
7.3 Air pollution
7.4 Climate change
7.5 Materials?
8. The virus and the geosphere
9. The virus and the anthroposphere
10. Materials specific issues
11. Conclusions
Appendix 1 - Consumer spending in the US, pandemic's three months [62]
Appendix 2 - Novels about pandemics and confinement
12. References
Glossary - Acronyms and abbreviations
Index

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