List of abbreviations

ABPI Ankle Brachial Pressure Index ABPM ambulatory blood pressure measurement ACCORD Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes ACE angiotensin-converting enzyme ACEI angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors ACR albumin creatinine ratio ADA American Diabetes Association ADVANCE Action in Diabetes and Vascular Disease: Preterax and Diamicron MR Controlled Evaluation AGE advanced glycation endproduct AKI acute kidney injury ALT alanine aminotransferase AMI acute myocardial infarction ARB angiotensin type 1 receptor blocker AST aspartate aminotransferase ATP adenosine triphosphate BB BioBreeding BMI Body Mass Index BP blood pressure CABG coronary artery bypass grafting CBT cognitive behavioural therapy CCB calcium channel blockers CETP cholesterol ester transfer protein CF cystic fibrosis CGM continuous glucose monitoring CHD coronary heart disease CI confidence interval CIDP chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy CKD chronic kidney disease CSF cerebrospinal fluid CSII continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion CT computed tomography CVD cardiovascular disease DAFNE Dose Adjustment for Normal Eating DAG diacylglycerol DCCT Diabetes Control and Complications Trial DESMOND Diabetes Education and Self-Management Ongoing and Newly Diagnosed DIDMOAD diabetes insipidus diabetes mellitus optic atrophy deafness DKA diabetic ketoacidosis DME diabetes-related macular oedema DPP-4 dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (IV) DSN diabetes specialist nurse DVA Driving and Vehicle Agency DVLA Driving and Vehicle Licensing Authority eAG estimated average glucose ED erectile dysfunction EDIC Epidemiology of Diabetes Complications eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate eNOS endothelial nitric oxide synthase EPO erythropoietin ESRD end-stage renal disease ETDRS Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study EURODIAB European Diabetes complications FATP study group fatty acid transporter protein FDA Food and Drug Administration FFA free fatty acids FPG fasting plasma glucose FSD female sexual dysfunction GAD glutamic acid decarboxylase GBM glomerular basement membrane GCK glucokinase GDM gestational diabetes mellitus GFAT glutamine:fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase GFR glomerular filtration rate GI gastrointestinal GIP gastric inhibitory polypeptide GIR glucose infusion rate GKI glucose potassium insulin infusion GLP-1 glucagon-like peptide-1 GLUT glucose transporter GWAS genome wide association study HBPM home blood pressure measurement HDL high-density lipoprotein HHS hyperosmolar hyperglycaemic state HL hepatic lipase HLA human leukocyte antigen HOMA Homeostasis Model Assessment HPLC high-pressure liquid chromatography HR hazard ratio hsCRP high-sensitivity C-reactive protein IAA insulin autoantibody IAPP islet amyloid polypeptide ICA islet cell antibody insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus IFG impaired fasting glycaemia IGF Insulin-like growth factor IGT impaired glucose tolerance IM intramuscular IPPV intermittent positive pressure ventilation IQR interquartile range IRMA intraretinal microvascular abnormality IRS insulin receptor substrate ITU intensive therapy unit IV intravenous KATP ATP-sensitive potassium channel LADA latent autoimmune diabetes of adults LDL low-density lipoprotein LH luteinising hormone MAP mitogen-activated protein MAPK mitogen-activated protein kinase MDI multiple daily injection MHC major histocompatibility complex MI myocardial infarction MODY maturity-onset diabetes of the young mTOR mammalian target of rapamycin NADH nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide plus hydrogen NADPH nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide NDIP phospate hydrogen National Diabetes in Pregnancy audit NEFA non-esterified fatty acid NDIP National Diabetes in Pregnancy audit NF?B nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells NGT normal glucose tolerance NICE National Institute of Health and Clinical Excellence NK natural killer NKCF natural killer cell factor NLD necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum NO nitric oxide NOD non-obese diabetic NPH neutral protamine Hagedorn NPY neuropeptide Y NVD new vessels on the disc NVE new vessels elsewhere OCT optical coherence tomography OGTT oral glucose tolerance test OR odds ratio PAD peripheral arterial disease PAI-1 plasminogen activator...