Photothermal Spectroscopy Methods

Name: Photothermal Spectroscopy Methods
Brand: Wiley-Blackwell
Price: 164.99 EUR
Availability: OnlineOnly

Stephen E. Bialkowski Nelson G. C. Astrath Mikhail A. Proskurnin(Autor*in)

Wiley-Blackwell (Verlag)

2. Auflage

Erschienen am 21. März 2019

512 Seiten

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Beschreibung

Covers the advantages of using photothermal spectroscopy over conventional absorption spectroscopy, including facilitating extremely sensitive measurements and non-destructive analysis

This unique guide to the application and theory of photothermal spectroscopy has been newly revised and updated to include new methods and applications and expands on applications to chemical analysis and material science. The book covers the subject from the ground up, lists all practical considerations needed to obtain accurate results, and provides a working knowledge of the various methods in use.

Photothermal Spectroscopy Methods, Second Edition includes the latest methods of solid state and materials analysis, and describes new chemical analysis procedures and apparatuses in the analytical chemistry sections. It offers a detailed look at the optics, physical principles of heat transfer, and signal analysis. Information in the temperature change and optical elements in homogeneous samples and photothermal spectroscopy in homogeneous samples has been updated with a better description of diffraction effects and calculations. Chapters on analytical measurement and data processing and analytical applications are also updated and include new information on modern applications and photothermal microscopy. Finally, the Photothermal Spectroscopy of Heterogeneous Sample chapter has been expanded to incorporate new methods for materials analysis.

* New edition updates and expands on applications to chemical analysis and materials science, including new methods of solid state and materials analysis

* Includes new chemical analysis procedures and apparatuses

* Provides an unmatched resource that develops a consistent mathematical basis for signal description, consolidates previous theories, and provides invaluable insight into laser technology

Photothermal Spectroscopy Methods, Second Edition will appeal to researchers from both academia and industry (graduate students, postdocs, research scientists, and professors) in the general field of analytical chemistry, optics, and materials science, and researchers and engineers at scientific instrument developers in fields related to photonics and spectroscopy.

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Inhalt

Intro
Title Page
Copyright page
Contents
About the Authors
Preface
Acknowledgments
Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1 Photothermal Spectroscopy
1.2 Basic Processes in Photothermal Spectroscopy
1.3 Photothermal Spectroscopy Methods
1.4 Application of Photothermal Spectroscopy
1.5 Illustrative History and Classification of Photothermal Spectroscopy Methods
1.5.1 Nature of the Photothermal Effect
1.5.2 Photoacoustic Spectroscopy
1.5.3 Single-Beam Photothermal Lens Spectroscopy
1.5.4 Photothermal Z-scan Technique
1.5.5 Photothermal Interferometry
1.5.6 Two-Beam Photothermal Lens Spectroscopy
1.5.7 Photothermal Lens Microscopy
1.5.8 Photothermal Deflection, Refraction, and Diffraction
1.5.9 Photothermal Mirror
1.5.10 Photothermal IR Microspectroscopy
1.5.11 Photothermal Radiometry
1.5.12 Historic Summary
1.6 Some Important Features of Photothermal Spectroscopy
References
Chapter 2 Absorption, Energy Transfer, and Excited State Relaxation
2.1 Factors Affecting Optical Absorption
2.2 Optical Excitation
2.2.1 Kinetic Treatment of Optical Transitions
2.2.2 Nonradiative Transitions
2.3 Excited State Relaxation
2.3.1 Rotational and Vibrational Relaxation
2.3.2 Electronic States and Transitions
2.3.3 Electronic State Relaxation
2.4 Relaxation Kinetics
2.5 Nonlinear Absorption
2.5.1 Multiphoton Absorption
2.5.2 Optical Saturation of Two-Level Transitions
2.5.3 Optical Bleaching
2.5.4 Response Times During Optical Bleaching
2.5.5 Optical Bleaching of Organic Dyes
2.5.6 Relaxation for Impulse Excitation
2.5.7 Multiple Photon Absorption
2.6 Absorbed Energy
References
Chapter 3 Hydrodynamic Relaxation: Heat Transfer and Acoustics
3.1 Local Equilibrium
3.2 Thermodynamic and Optical Parameters in Photothermal Spectroscopy
3.2.1 Enthalpy and Temperature
3.2.2 Energy and Dynamic Change
3.3 Conservation Equations
3.4 Hydrodynamic Equations
3.5 Hydrodynamic Response to Photothermal Excitation
3.5.1 Solving the Hydrodynamic Equations
3.5.2 Thermal Diffusion Mode
3.5.3 Fourier-Laplace Solutions for the Thermal Diffusion Equation
3.5.4 Propagating Mode
3.5.5 Summary of Hydrodynamic Mode Solutions
3.6 Density Response to Impulse Excitation
3.6.1 One-Dimensional Case
3.6.2 Two-Dimensional Cylindrically Symmetric Example
3.6.3 Coupled Solutions
3.7 Solutions Including Mass Diffusion
3.8 Effect of Hydrodynamic Relaxation on Temperature
3.9 Thermodynamic Fluctuation
3.10 Noise Equivalent Density Fluctuation
3.11 Summary
Appendix 3.A Thermodynamic Parameter Calculation
Appendix 3.B Propagating Mode Impulse Response for Polar Coordinates in Infinite Media
References
Chapter 4 Temperature Change, Thermoelastic Deformation, and Optical Elements in Homogeneous Samples
4.1 Temperature Change from Gaussian Excitation Sources
4.1.1 Thermal Diffusion Approximation
4.1.2 Gaussian Laser Excitation of Optically Thin Samples
4.1.3 Short Pulse Laser Excitation
4.1.4 Continuous Laser Excitation
4.1.4.1 Laser Heating
4.1.4.2 On-axis Temperature Change
4.1.4.3 Post-excitation Cooling
4.1.5 Chopped Laser Excitation
4.1.6 On-axis Temperature Change for Periodic Excitation
4.1.7 Gaussian Laser Excitation of Absorbing and Opaque Samples
4.1.7.1 Short Pulse Laser Excitation
4.1.7.2 Continuous Laser Excitation
4.1.8 Thermal Gratings
4.2 Thermodynamic Parameters
4.2.1 Thermodynamic Parameters Affecting Temperature
4.2.2 Convection Heat Transfer
4.3 Thermoelastic Displacement
4.3.1 Continuous Laser Excitation
4.3.2 Short Pulse Laser Excitation
4.4 Optical Elements
4.4.1 Phase Shift and Optical Path Length Difference
4.4.2 Phase Shift and Optical Path Length Difference Under Thermoelastic Deformation
4.4.3 Deflection Angle
4.4.4 Thermal Lens Focal Length
4.4.5 Grating Strength
4.5 Temperature-dependent Refractive Index Change
4.5.1 Density and Temperature Dependence of Refractive Index
4.5.2 Population Dependence on Refractive Index
4.5.3 Soret Effect
4.5.4 Other Factors Affecting Refractive Index
4.6 Temperature Change and Thermoelastic Displacement from Top-hat Excitation Sources
4.6.1 Temperature Change from Top-hat Excitation Sources
4.6.2 Thermoelastic Displacement from Top-hat Excitation Sources
4.7 Limitations
4.7.1 Excitation Beam Waist Radius Changes
4.7.2 Effects of Scattering and Optically Thick Samples
4.7.3 Finite Extent Sample Effects
4.7.4 Accounting for Finite Cell Radius
References
Chapter 5 Photothermal Spectroscopy in Homogeneous Samples
5.1 Photothermal Interferometry
5.2 Photothermal Deflection
5.2.1 Deflection Angle for Pulsed Laser Excitation
5.2.1.1 Collinear Probe Geometry
5.2.1.2 Crossed-beam Probe Geometry
5.2.2 Deflection Angle for Continuous and Chopped Laser Excitation
5.2.2.1 Continuous Excitation with Parallel Probe Geometry
5.2.2.2 Continuous Excitation with Crossed-probe Geometry
5.2.2.3 Chopped Excitation with Parallel Probe
5.2.3 Deflection Angle Detection
5.2.3.1 Probe Laser Beam Waist Effect
5.2.3.2 Straightedge Apparatus
5.2.3.3 Position Sensing Detectors
5.2.3.4 Other Methods to Detect Deflection Angle
5.2.3.5 Differential Deflection Angle
5.3 Thermal Lens Focal Length
5.3.1 Pulsed Excitation Thermal Lens Focal Length
5.3.1.1 Time-dependent Focal Length
5.3.1.2 Sample Path Length Limitations
5.3.1.3 Crossed-beam Arrangement
5.3.2 Continuous and Chopped Excitation Thermal Lens Focal Length
5.3.2.1 Continuous Excitation
5.3.2.2 Sample Path Length Limitations
5.3.2.3 Crossed-beam Geometry
5.3.2.4 Chopped Excitation
5.3.3 Focal Length for Periodic Excitation
5.4 Detecting the Thermal Lens
5.4.1 Signal for Symmetric Lens
5.4.2 Signal for Different x and y Focal Lengths
5.4.3 Lock-in Amplifier or Pulse Height Detected Signal
5.4.4 Signal Development with Large Apertures
5.4.5 Signal Development Based on Image Analysis and Other Optical Filters
5.5 Types of Photothermal Lens Apparatuses
5.5.1 Single-laser Apparatus
5.5.2 Differential Single-laser Apparatus
5.5.3 Two-laser Apparatus
5.6 Two-laser Photothermal Lens Spectroscopy
5.6.1 Excitation Wavelength Dependence in Two-laser Photothermal Spectroscopy
5.7 Differential Two-laser Apparatuses
5.8 Diffraction Effects
5.8.1 Probe Laser Diffraction Effects for Pulsed Excitation
5.8.2 Probe Laser Diffraction Effects for Continuous Excitation
5.8.3 Diffraction Effects for Single-laser Photothermal Lens
5.8.4 Effect of Diffraction on the Thermal Lens Enhancement Factor
References
Chapter 6 Analytical Measurement and Data Processing Considerations
6.1 Sensitivity of Photothermal Spectroscopy
6.1.1 Photothermal Lens Enhancement Factors
6.1.2 Relative Sensitivity of Photothermal Lens and Deflection Spectroscopies
6.1.3 Relative Sensitivity of Photothermal Lens and Photothermal Interferometry Spectroscopies
6.1.4 Relating Photothermal Signals to Absorbance and Enhancement
6.1.5 Intrinsic Enhancement of Two-Laser Methods
6.1.6 Enhancement Limitations
6.1.7 The Choice of Solvents for Photothermal Lens Measurements
6.1.7.1 Aqueous Solutions of Electrolytes
6.1.7.2 Aqueous Solutions of Surfactants and Water-Soluble Polymers
6.1.7.3 Organo-aqueous Mixtures
6.1.7.4 Soret Effect in Mixed Media
6.2 Optical Instrumentation for Analysis
6.2.1 Dynamic Reserve
6.2.2 Differential Measurements
6.2.3 Spectroscopic Measurement
6.2.4 Fiber Optics
6.3 Processing Photothermal Signals
6.3.1 Analog Signal Processing
6.3.2 Digital Signal Processing
6.4 Photothermal Data Processing
6.4.1 Excitation Irradiance Curves
6.4.2 Calibration
6.4.3 Metrological Parameters of Photothermal Lens Spectrometry
6.4.3.1 Accuracy of Photothermal Lens Measurements
6.4.3.2 Instrumental and Method Detection Limits
6.4.3.3 Photothermal Limits of Detection
6.4.3.4 Photothermal Error Curves
6.5 Considerations for Trace Analysis
6.5.1 Unstability of Dilute Solutions
6.5.2 Sources of Losses and Contamination
6.5.3 Changes in Sensitivity and Selectivity Due to Chemistry at the Trace Level
6.5.4 Statistical Features at the Level of Low Concentrations
6.6 Tracking Down and Reducing Noise
References
Chapter 7 Analytical Applications
7.1 Areas of Analytical Application
7.2 Applications to Stationary Homogeneous Samples
7.2.1 Photothermal Techniques
7.2.2 Gas Phase Samples
7.2.3 Liquid Samples
7.3 Application to Disperse Solutions
7.3.1 Nano-sized Particles and Nanocomposite Materials
7.3.2 Analysis of Biological Samples
7.4 Photothermal Spectroscopy Detection in Chromatography and Flow Analysis
7.4.1 Temperature Change in Flowing Samples
7.4.2 Deflection Angles and Inverse Focal Lengths in Flowing Samples
7.4.2.1 Isotropic and Turbulent Flow
7.4.2.2 Laminar Flow
7.4.3 Applications in Chromatography
7.4.3.1 Gas Chromatography and Flowing Gas Analysis
7.4.3.2 Liquid Phase
7.4.4 Application to Flow Injection Analysis
7.5 Photothermal Spectroscopy Detection in Capillary Electrophoresis
7.5.1 Influence of Electrophoretic Flow Rate
7.5.2 Effect of the Composition of the Background Electrolyte Solution on the Sensitivity
7.5.3 Applications
7.6 Photothermal Spectroscopy Detection in Microanalytical and Microfluidic Systems
7.7 Determination of Parameters of Reactions
7.7.1 Determination of Thermodynamic Parameters and Constants
7.7.2 Chemical Reaction Control and Real-time Monitoring
7.7.3 Kinetic Parameters of Reactions
7.8 Excitation and Relaxation Kinetics
7.8.1 Relaxation Kinetics and Quantum Yield Studies
7.8.2 Photodynamic Irradiance-dependent Signal Studies
7.8.3 Optical Bleaching in Organic Dye Molecules
7.8.4 Optical Bleaching Effects in Pulsed Laser Photothermal Spectroscopy
References
Chapter 8 Photothermal Spectroscopy of Heterogeneous Samples
8.1 Types of Heterogeneity
8.2 Apparatuses for Photothermal Deflection
8.3 Surface Absorption
8.3.1 Thermal Diffusion at Surfaces
8.3.2 Temperature Change from Pulsed Excitation
8.3.3 Temperature Change from Continuous Excitation
8.3.4 Temperature Change from Periodic Excitation
8.4 Thermal Diffusion in Volume Absorbing Samples
8.4.1 Volume Temperature Change for Pulsed Excitation
8.4.2 Periodic Excitation of Volume Absorbers
8.5 Temperature Change in Layered Samples
8.5.1 Periodic Excitation of Layered Samples
8.5.2 Pulsed Excitation of Thick-layered Samples
8.6 Surface Point Source
8.7 Gaussian Beam Excitation of Surfaces
8.8 Gaussian Beam Excitation of Transparent Materials
8.9 Excitation of Layered Samples with Gaussian Beams
8.10 Deflection Angles with Oscillating Gaussian Excitation
8.11 Photothermal Reflection
8.12 Experiment Design for Photothermal Deflection
8.13 Application to Determination of Solid Material Properties
8.13.1 Bulk Properties
8.13.1.1 Thermo-optical Properties
8.13.1.2 Quantum Yields
8.13.2 Solid Surfaces
8.14 Applications to Chemical Analysis
8.14.1 Application to Surface Determination and Optical Sensing Materials
8.14.2 Applications to Gel and Thin-layer Chromatography
8.14.3 Other Application to Applied Chemical Analysis
8.14.4 Application to Biological Analysis
References
Index
EULA

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