Electromagnetic Reverberation Chambers

Name: Electromagnetic Reverberation Chambers
Brand: Wiley-ISTE
Price: 192.99 EUR
Availability: OnlineOnly

Philippe Besnier Bernard Demoulin(Autor*in)

Wiley-ISTE (Verlag)

Erschienen am 7. Februar 2013

432 Seiten

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978-1-118-60215-7 (ISBN)

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Inhalt

Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Tabel of Contents
Preface
Foreword
Introduction
Chapter 1. Position of the Reverberation Chambers in Common Electromagnetic Tests
1.1. Introduction
1.2. Electromagnetic fields and plane waves
1.2.1. Definition and properties of plane waves
1.2.2. General plane wave representation
1.2.3. Assimilation of the far-field to a local plane wave
1.2.4. Induction phenomena produced by plane waves
1.3. Electromagnetic tests in confined areas
1.3.1. Emission of a small rectangular loop
1.3.2. Tests carried out in a TEM cell
1.3.3. Measurements carried out in an anechoic shielded chamber
1.3.4. Position of the reverberation chambers in tests carried out in a confined space
1.4. Discussion
1.4.1. On the use of the plane wave concepts
1.4.2. On the uncertainty margin of the measurements carried out in a reverberation chamber
1.5. Bibliography
Chapter 2. Main Physical Features of Electromagnetic Cavities
2.1. Introduction
2.2. Reduction of the modes in a 1D cavity
2.2.1. Description of the 1D cavity
2.2.2. Solutions of the 1D waves equation
2.2.3. Eigenmodes computation
2.2.4. Comparison of a cavity to a network of LC resonators
2.2.5. Contribution of the quality factor to the cavity
2.2.6. Optimal coupling of the energy on an eigenmode
2.2.7. Deviation of the modal frequencies produced by an obstacle
2.2.8. Implementation of mode stirring
2.3. Physical features of an empty rectangular cavity
2.3.1. Geometrical description of the reverberation chamber
2.3.2. Calculation of the eigenmodes' frequencies
2.3.3. The first eigenmode
2.3.4. Higher order modes
2.3.5. Mode spacing and mode density
2.3.6. Quality factor of the 3D cavity
2.3.7. Regarding the excitation conditions of the cavity
2.3.8. Plane wave spectrum
2.3.9. Influence of the energy losses on the plane wave spectrum
2.4. The 3D cavity operating in stirred modes
2.4.1. Role given to mode stirring
2.4.2. Mechanical mode stirring
2.4.3. Experimental proof of the modal excursion
2.5. Discussion
2.5.1. On the geometry of reverberation chambers
2.5.2. On the use of the RLC resonators
2.5.3. On the contribution of the modal interferences
2.6. Bibliography
Chapter 3. Statistical Behavior of Stirred Waves in an Oversized Cavity
3.1. Introduction
3.2. Descriptions of the ideal random electromagnetic field
3.2.1. The electromagnetic field assumed as a random variable
3.2.2. Statement of the postulate of an ideal random field
3.2.3. Presentation conventions of the random variables
3.2.4. ?2 probability distribution
3.2.5. Probability density function of the absolute field amplitude
3.2.6. Probability density function of the power variable
3.3. Simulation of the properties of an ideal random field
3.3.1. Construction of the plane wave spectrum
3.3.2. Construction of the interferences by random trials
3.3.3. Use of the central limit theorem
3.4. Contribution of the statistical tests
3.4.1. Role given to the size N of the statistical sampling
3.4.2. Assessment of the experimental data to the probability distributions
3.4.3. Estimate of the variances and means
3.4.4. Kolmogorov-Smirnov test
3.5. Balance of power in a reverberation chamber
3.5.1. Review of the main features of antennas
3.5.2. Receiving antenna immersed in an ideal random field
3.5.3. Measurement of the power radiated by a device in a reverberation chamber
3.6. Discussion
3.6.1. On the hypothesis of the ideal random field
3.6.2. On the simulation of the disordered field by plane waves trials
3.7. Bibliography
Chapter 4. Impact of the Physical and Technological Parameters of a Reverberation Chamber
4.1. Introduction
4.2. Main parameters for reverberation chamber design
4.2.1. List of the main building parameters
4.2.2. Impact of the geometrical and physical parameters of the chamber
4.2.3. Factors influencing the quality factor of a chamber
4.2.4. Space correlation of an ideal random electromagnetic field distribution
4.3. The usual techniques of mode stirring
4.3.1. Mechanical mode stirring
4.3.2. Frequency agitation of the modes or electronic stirring
4.3.3. Stirring by switching the transmitting antennas
4.3.4. Mode stirring by dimensional modulation of the chamber
4.4. The characterization of reverberation chambers
4.4.1. Aims of the characterization of reverberation chambers
4.4.2. Characterization of the efficiency of mode stirring
4.4.3. Test of the stationary random electromagnetic field distribution
4.4.4. Measurements of the quality factor
4.4.5. Localization of the lowest usable frequency of the chamber
4.5. Discussion
4.5.1. Regarding the law of large numbers
4.5.2. On the impact of the volume of the large devices under test
4.6. Bibliography
Chapter 5. Radiated Immunity Tests in a Reverberation Chamber
5.1. Introduction
5.2. The calibration process
5.2.1. Measurement methods of the statistical uniformity of the field distribution
5.3. Examples of calibration results
5.4. Implementing of the immunity test for a piece of equipment
5.4.1. The loading effect of the device under test
5.4.2. Incidence on the statistical uniformity of the field
5.4.3. Observation of possible malfunctioning of the device under test
5.4.4. An example of immunity tests
5.5. Immunity test in reverberation and anechoic chambers
5.5.1. The conventional approach of illumination in an anechoic chamber
5.5.2. Illumination in a reverberation chamber
5.6. Rectangular components of the electric field and the total electric field
5.7. Discussion
5.7.1. The limits of statistical uniformity from one standard to another
5.7.2. The choice of the number of stirrer positions from one standard to another
5.7.3. The nature of immunity tests in reverberation chambers
5.8. Bibliography
Chapter 6. Emissivity Tests in Reverberation Chambers
6.1. Introduction
6.2. A few notions on electromagnetic radiation and antennas
6.2.1. Origin of electromagnetic radiation
6.2.2. Properties of the electromagnetic field at a distance from the radiation source
6.2.3. Intensity and directivity of the electromagnetic radiation
6.2.4. Polarization and partial directivities
6.2.5. Efficiency and gain of an antenna
6.2.6. Effective area of an antenna
6.2.7. Transmission balance between two antennas - Friis expression
6.2.8. Formulation and properties of the radiation in a spherical graph
6.3. Measurement of the total radiated power in free space
6.3.1. Definitions
6.3.2. Conventional measurement methods of the total radiated power
6.4. Measurement of the unintentional emission of a device under test
6.4.1. Calibration and evaluation of the total radiated power in reverberation chambers
6.5. Measurement examples of the total radiated power
6.5.1. The calibration phase
6.5.2. The measurement phase of the device under test
6.6. Total radiated power and radiated emissivity
6.7. Measurement of the efficiency and of the diversity gain of the antennas
6.7.1. Measurement of the antenna efficiency
6.7.2. Measurement of the diversity gain of the antennas
6.8. Discussion
6.8.1. On the measurement of the radiated emissivity of a device in a reverberation chamber
6.8.2. On the measurements of radiofrequency devices in a reverberation chamber
6.9. Bibliography
Chapter 7. Measurement of the Shielding Effectiveness
7.1. Introduction
7.2. Definitions of the shielding effectiveness
7.2.1. Shielding effectiveness of cables and connectors
7.2.2. Attenuation of the shielded enclosures
7.2.3. Shielding effectiveness of the materials
7.3. Measurement of the effectiveness of shielded cables and connectors in reverberation chambers
7.3.1. Electromagnetic coupling on wires placed in a reverberation chamber
7.3.2. The effective area of a cable or a shielded connector
7.3.3. Relationship between the reference power and the current induced on a device under test
7.3.4. Conversion of the shielding attenuation into a transfer impedance
7.3.5. Examples of the measurements of the shielding effectiveness of the connectors
7.4. Measurement of the attenuation of the shielded enclosures
7.4.1. Expected electromagnetic coupling mechanisms
7.4.2. Example of attenuations measured on a shielded enclosure
7.5. Measurement of the shielding effectiveness of the materials
7.5.1. On the size of the devices under test with respect to the wavelength
7.5.2. Examples of attenuation measurements carried out on a material
7.6. Discussion
7.6.1. The accuracy of the measurement of the shielding attenuation of the materials
7.6.2. The recorded curves of shielding attenuation
7.7. Bibliography
Chapter 8. Mode Stirring Reverberation Chamber: A Research Tool
8.1. Introduction
8.2. A non-ideal random electromagnetic field
8.2.1. An estimate of the statistics of a rectangular component of an electric field in an effective reverberation chamber
8.2.2. Resorting to a replacement distribution: the Weibull distribution
8.3. Studying the correlation of a set of measurements
8.3.1. Outline of the link between correlation and statistical uncertainty
8.3.2. Measurement of the correlation
8.3.3. Study of the linear correlation during experimental estimates
8.3.4. Statistical distribution of the coefficient of linear correlation
8.3.5. Approximation of a normal distribution for the estimate of the first order correlation function
8.3.6. Residual correlation and impact on the reproducibility of the measurements in reverberation chambers
8.4. Quantization of the scattered and coherent fields in a reverberation chamber
8.4.1. Coherent residual field in a reverberation chamber and the Rice statistics
8.4.2. Goodness-of-fit test of a Rice distribution in a reverberation chamber
8.4.3. Example of evaluation of a Rice channel in a reverberation chamber
8.5. Discussion
8.6. Bibliography
APPENDICES
Appendix 1. Notion of Probability
A1.1. The random variable concept
A1.2. Probability concept from intuition
A1.3. Probability density function (pdf)
A1.4. Computation of moments
A1.4.1. Computation of the moment of the x random variable
A1.4.2. Computation of the moment of the x squared random variable
A1.5. Centered and normalized variables
A1.5.1. Centered variables
A1.5.2. Normalized variables
A1.6. Computation of the variance and standard deviation
A1.6.1. Definition of the variance
A1.6.2. Definition of the standard deviation
A1.7. Probability distributions
A1.7.1. Uniform probability distribution
A1.7.2. Normal probability distribution
A1.8. The cumulative distribution function (cdf)
A1.9. The ergodism notion
A1.9.1. Intuitive definition of the ergodic property
A1.9.2. Use of ergodism to the calculation of the autocorrelation function
A1.10. Features of the random stationary variables
A1.11. The characteristic function
A1.12. Summary of the main probability distributions
A1.12.1. Uniform distribution
A1.12.2. Normal distribution
A1.12.3. Chi-squared distribution
A1.12.4. Weibull distribution
A1.12.5. Exponential distribution
A1.12.6. Rayleigh distribution
A1.13. Tables of numerical values of the normal distribution integrals
A1.13.1. Calculation of the integral
A1.13.2. Solution to the integral equation
A1.14. Bibliography
Appendix 2. Formulas of the Quality Factor of a Rectangular Cavity
A2.1. Quality factor of the TMm n p mode
A2.2. Calculation of the average Q quality factor
A2.3. Bibliography
Appendix 3. Total Field and Total Power Variables
A3.1. Total field variables
A3.2. ?2 variable attached to the total field
A3.3. Total field probability density function
A3.3.1. The pdf related to the total "et" normalized field variable
A3.3.2. The pdf related to the absolute amplitude of the total field "Et
A3.4. Calculation of the mean of the total field
A3.4.1. Mean of the normalized "et" amplitude
A3.4.2. Mean of the absolute "Et" amplitude
A3.5. The pdf of the total power
A3.5.1. Variables of total power "pt" variable
A3.5.2. Computation of the pdf related to the total power
A3.5.3. The pdf of the normalized total power variable "ptr
A3.5.4. Computation of the pdf of the total normalized power
A3.6. Calculation of the mean total powers
A3.6.1. Mean of the total normalized power "ptr
A3.6.2. Mean of the total power "pt
Appendix 4. Calculation of the Variances of ?f, ??, ??
A4.1. Variance of the ?f and ?? variables
A4.2. Variance of the ?? variable
Appendix 5. Electric Dipole Formulas
A5.1. Complete formulas of the electric dipole
A5.2. Near-field formulas of the electric dipole
A5.3. Far-field formulas of the electric dipole
A5.4. Bibliography
Index

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