The adaption of competition rules in new and future member states to European Union Law (V)

1 - Cover [Seite 1]
2 - Abbreviations [Seite 24]
3 - Introduction [Seite 26]
4 - First Part: The Basis for Harmonizing Turkish and EU Competition Rules [Seite 30]
4.1 - First Chapter: The History of Relations between the EU and Turkey [Seite 30]
4.1.1 - A. Turkey's First Application to the European Union [Seite 30]
4.1.1.1 - I. The Association Agreement and the Additional Protocol [Seite 31]
4.1.1.2 - II. Customs Union [Seite 33]
4.1.2 - B. Turkey's Second Application to the European Union [Seite 33]
4.1.2.1 - I. Pre-Candidature Developments [Seite 34]
4.1.2.2 - II. Turkey's European Union Candidacy [Seite 35]
4.1.2.2.1 - 1. Copenhagen Criteria and Acquis Communitaire [Seite 36]
4.1.2.2.2 - 2. Negotiations [Seite 36]
4.1.3 - C. Competition Rules Established Through the Relationship between the European Union and Turkey [Seite 38]
4.1.3.1 - I. Obligation to Approximate Competition Legislation [Seite 38]
4.1.3.2 - II. Specific Provisions on Competition Matters [Seite 39]
4.1.3.3 - III. Legal Status of the Association Agreement and the Customs Union Decision [Seite 40]
4.1.3.3.1 - 1. Legal Status [Seite 40]
4.1.3.3.2 - 2. Direct Applicability [Seite 42]
4.1.4 - Second Chapter: National Background [Seite 45]
4.1.5 - A. The Development of Turkish Competition Law [Seite 45]
4.1.5.1 - I. Competition Matters Prior to the Adoption of the Competition Act [Seite 45]
4.1.5.1.1 - 1. Legislation Applied to Competition Matters [Seite 45]
4.1.5.1.2 - 2. Draft Acts on Competition Matters [Seite 46]
4.1.5.2 - II. Legal Basis of the Competition Act [Seite 48]
4.1.5.2.1 - 1. Constitutional Requirements [Seite 49]
4.1.5.2.2 - 2. Customs Union Decision [Seite 50]
4.1.5.3 - III. The Legal Character of Competition Law [Seite 50]
4.1.6 - B. The Structure of the Competition Act [Seite 51]
4.1.6.1 - I. The Concept of Competition [Seite 52]
4.1.6.1.1 - 1. Definition [Seite 52]
4.1.6.1.2 - 2. The "More Economic Approach" Concept [Seite 54]
4.1.6.2 - II. The Competition Act's Purpose and Scope of Application [Seite 57]
4.1.6.2.1 - 1. The Purpose of the Competition Act [Seite 57]
4.1.6.2.2 - 2. Scope of Application [Seite 58]
4.1.6.2.2.1 - a) Territorial Application [Seite 58]
4.1.6.2.2.2 - b) Personal Application [Seite 62]
4.1.6.3 - III. Substantive Provisions [Seite 63]
4.1.6.3.1 - 1. Prohibition of Cartels [Seite 63]
4.1.6.3.2 - 2. Abuse of Dominant Position [Seite 65]
4.1.6.3.3 - 3. Merger Control [Seite 66]
4.1.6.4 - IV. Institutions, Procedures and Sanctions [Seite 67]
4.1.6.4.1 - 1. Institutions [Seite 67]
4.1.6.4.2 - 2. Powers of the Institutions [Seite 68]
4.1.6.4.3 - 3. Judicial Review by the Courts [Seite 68]
4.1.6.4.4 - 4. Private Law Consequences of the Competition Rules [Seite 69]
4.1.6.4.4.1 - a) Invalidity [Seite 69]
4.1.6.4.4.2 - b) Liability for Damages [Seite 70]
5 - Second Part: Prohibition of Cartels [Seite 72]
5.1 - First Chapter: Scope of the Prohibition [Seite 72]
5.1.1 - A. The principle of prohibition [Seite 72]
5.1.2 - B. Addressees of the Prohibition [Seite 73]
5.1.2.1 - I. Undertakings [Seite 73]
5.1.2.1.1 - 1. Definition [Seite 73]
5.1.2.1.2 - 2. Economic Activity [Seite 75]
5.1.2.1.3 - 3. Economic Independence [Seite 76]
5.1.2.1.4 - 4. State Owned Entities [Seite 77]
5.1.2.2 - II. Association of Undertakings [Seite 79]
5.1.3 - C. Types of Prohibited Conduct [Seite 81]
5.1.3.1 - I. Agreements [Seite 81]
5.1.3.1.1 - 1. Concept of Agreement [Seite 81]
5.1.3.1.2 - 2. Types of Agreements [Seite 83]
5.1.3.1.2.1 - a) Horizontal Agreements [Seite 84]
5.1.3.1.2.2 - b) Vertical Agreements [Seite 85]
5.1.3.1.3 - 3. Agreements in Specific Conditions [Seite 86]
5.1.3.1.3.1 - a) Unilateral Conduct [Seite 86]
5.1.3.1.3.2 - b) Single Overall Agreement [Seite 88]
5.1.3.2 - II. Decisions by Association of Undertakings [Seite 89]
5.1.3.2.1 - 1. Concept of Decision [Seite 89]
5.1.3.2.2 - 2. Anti-Competitive Practices of Associations of Undertakings [Seite 90]
5.1.3.3 - III. Concerted Practices [Seite 92]
5.1.3.3.1 - 1. Concept of Concerted Practice [Seite 92]
5.1.3.3.2 - 2. Elements of Concerted Practice [Seite 93]
5.1.3.3.2.1 - a) Existence of at Least Two Undertakings [Seite 94]
5.1.3.3.2.2 - b) Parallel Behaviour [Seite 94]
5.1.3.3.2.3 - c) Contact between Undertakings [Seite 95]
5.1.3.3.2.4 - d) Restriction of Competition [Seite 96]
5.1.3.3.3 - 3. Circumstantial Evidence [Seite 97]
5.1.3.3.4 - 4. The Relation between Agreements and Concerted Practices [Seite 98]
5.1.4 - Second Chapter: Restriction of Competition [Seite 100]
5.1.5 - A. The Object or Effect of Prevention, Restriction or Distortion of Competition [Seite 100]
5.1.5.1 - I. Restriction by Object [Seite 100]
5.1.5.2 - II. Restriction by Effect [Seite 101]
5.1.5.3 - III. Restriction of Potential Competition [Seite 102]
5.1.5.4 - IV. De Minimis Doctrine: Appreciable Effect on Competition [Seite 103]
5.1.6 - B. Horizontal Agreements: Cartel Agreements [Seite 105]
5.1.6.1 - I. Introduction [Seite 105]
5.1.6.2 - II. Fixing Prices and Other Trade Conditions [Seite 105]
5.1.6.3 - III. Market Sharing Agreements [Seite 107]
5.1.6.3.1 - 1. Territorial Allocation of Markets [Seite 108]
5.1.6.3.2 - 2. Allocation of Customers and Products [Seite 108]
5.1.6.4 - IV. Limitation and Control of Production [Seite 109]
5.1.6.5 - V. Prevention of New Entrants and Collective Boycotts [Seite 109]
5.1.6.6 - VI. Discrimination [Seite 110]
5.1.7 - C. Vertical Agreements [Seite 111]
5.1.7.1 - I. Introduction [Seite 111]
5.1.7.2 - II. Distribution Agreements [Seite 112]
5.1.7.2.1 - 1. Exclusive Distribution [Seite 112]
5.1.7.2.2 - 2. Selective Distribution [Seite 114]
5.1.7.2.3 - 3. Resale Price Fixing [Seite 115]
5.1.7.3 - III. Exclusive Supply Agreements [Seite 116]
5.1.7.4 - IV. Agency Agreements [Seite 117]
5.1.8 - Third Chapter: Exemption from the Prohibition [Seite 119]
5.1.9 - A. Individual Exemption [Seite 119]
5.1.9.1 - I. Notification [Seite 120]
5.1.9.2 - II. The Conditions of Exemption [Seite 121]
5.1.9.2.1 - 1. Beneficial Effects [Seite 121]
5.1.9.2.2 - 2. Welfare of the Consumer [Seite 122]
5.1.9.2.3 - 3. Indispensability of the Restriction [Seite 122]
5.1.9.2.4 - 4. Preserving the Effective Competition on the Substantial Part of the Market [Seite 123]
5.1.9.3 - III. Duration of the Exemption [Seite 123]
5.1.10 - B. Block Exemption [Seite 124]
5.1.10.1 - I. Legal Structure of the Block Exemption Legislation [Seite 125]
5.1.10.2 - II. The Block Exemption Legislation on Vertical Agreements [Seite 126]
5.1.10.3 - III. Withdrawal of the Block Exemption [Seite 127]
6 - Third Part: Abuse of Dominant Position [Seite 130]
6.1 - First Chapter: The Principle of Prohibition [Seite 130]
6.1.1 - Second Chapter: Dominance [Seite 132]
6.1.2 - A. Definition of Dominant Position [Seite 132]
6.1.2.1 - I. Monopoly [Seite 132]
6.1.2.2 - II. Leading Position [Seite 133]
6.1.3 - B. Determining Dominance [Seite 133]
6.1.3.1 - I. Relevant Market [Seite 133]
6.1.3.1.1 - 1. Introduction [Seite 133]
6.1.3.1.2 - 2. Product Market [Seite 135]
6.1.3.1.2.1 - a) Definition [Seite 135]
6.1.3.1.2.2 - b) Demand Substitution [Seite 136]
6.1.3.1.2.3 - c) Supply Elasticity/Substitution [Seite 137]
6.1.3.1.3 - 3. Geographic Market [Seite 138]
6.1.3.2 - II. Market Power [Seite 140]
6.1.3.2.1 - 1. Market Shares [Seite 140]
6.1.3.2.1.1 - a) Own Market Shares [Seite 140]
6.1.3.2.1.2 - b) Relative Market Shares [Seite 141]
6.1.3.2.2 - 2. Entry Barriers and Potential Competition [Seite 142]
6.1.4 - C. Collective Dominance [Seite 143]
6.1.5 - Third Chapter: Abuse [Seite 146]
6.1.6 - A. Definition of Abuse [Seite 146]
6.1.7 - B. Special Responsibility of a Dominant Undertaking [Seite 148]
6.1.8 - C. Abusive Practices [Seite 148]
6.1.8.1 - I. Introduction [Seite 148]
6.1.8.2 - II. Unfair Prices [Seite 149]
6.1.8.2.1 - 1. Predatory Pricing [Seite 149]
6.1.8.2.2 - 2. Excessive Prices [Seite 152]
6.1.8.2.3 - 3. Price Discrimination [Seite 154]
6.1.8.2.3.1 - a) Definition [Seite 154]
6.1.8.2.3.2 - b) Selective Price Cutting [Seite 154]
6.1.8.2.3.3 - c) Discounts and Rebates [Seite 155]
6.1.8.2.3.3.1 - aa) Volume Rebates/Discounts [Seite 155]
6.1.8.2.3.3.2 - bb) Loyalty (Fidelity) Rebates [Seite 156]
6.1.8.2.3.3.3 - cc) Target Rebate Schemes [Seite 157]
6.1.8.3 - III. Refusal to Supply [Seite 158]
6.1.8.3.1 - 1. Refusal to Supply an Existing Customer [Seite 159]
6.1.8.3.2 - 2. Essential Facilities Doctrine [Seite 160]
6.1.8.4 - IV. Tying [Seite 162]
6.1.8.4.1 - 1. Introduction [Seite 162]
6.1.8.4.2 - 2. Elements of Abuse [Seite 163]
6.1.8.4.2.1 - a) Two Separate Products [Seite 163]
6.1.8.4.2.2 - b) Tying Products [Seite 164]
6.1.8.4.2.3 - c) Sufficient Economic Power [Seite 165]
6.1.8.4.2.4 - d) Restriction of Competition [Seite 165]
6.1.8.4.2.5 - e) Absence of Objective Justifications [Seite 166]
6.1.9 - Fourth Chapter: The Relationship between the Rules on the Prohibition of Cartels and the Abuse of Dominant Position [Seite 167]
6.1.10 - A. Introduction [Seite 167]
6.1.11 - B. Differences between the Prohibitions [Seite 168]
6.1.11.1 - I. Collusion - Unilateral Behaviour [Seite 168]
6.1.11.2 - II. Exemption - Objective Justifications [Seite 168]
7 - Fourth Part: Merger Control [Seite 170]
7.1 - First Chapter: Concept of Merger Control [Seite 170]
7.1.1 - A. Introduction [Seite 170]
7.1.1.1 - I. Aim of Merger Control [Seite 171]
7.1.1.2 - II. "Merger" or "Economic Concentration" - Broad Definition of Merger [Seite 173]
7.1.2 - B. Characteristics of Mergers [Seite 174]
7.1.2.1 - I. Change of Control [Seite 175]
7.1.2.1.1 - 1. Decisive Influence [Seite 175]
7.1.2.1.2 - 2. Lasting Basis [Seite 176]
7.1.2.2 - II. Types of Control [Seite 177]
7.1.2.2.1 - 1. Sole Control [Seite 177]
7.1.2.2.2 - 2. Joint Control [Seite 178]
7.1.2.3 - III. Independent Undertakings [Seite 180]
7.1.3 - C. Types of Mergers [Seite 181]
7.1.3.1 - I. Horizontal Mergers [Seite 181]
7.1.3.2 - II. Vertical Mergers [Seite 182]
7.1.3.3 - III. Conglomerate Mergers [Seite 183]
7.1.4 - Second Chapter: Prohibition of Anti-Competitive Mergers [Seite 185]
7.1.5 - A. Mergers Subject to Permission from Competition Authorities [Seite 185]
7.1.5.1 - I. Turnover thresholds [Seite 185]
7.1.5.1.1 - 1. General principle [Seite 185]
7.1.5.1.2 - 2. One-Stop-Shop Principle [Seite 189]
7.1.5.2 - II. Restriction of Competition [Seite 190]
7.1.5.2.1 - 1. Dominance [Seite 190]
7.1.5.2.2 - 2. Substantive Test: SIEC [Seite 191]
7.1.5.2.3 - 3. Failing Company Defence [Seite 193]
7.1.6 - B. Notification of Concentrations [Seite 194]
7.1.6.1 - I. Notification [Seite 194]
7.1.6.1.1 - 1. Implementation of Concentration [Seite 195]
7.1.6.1.2 - 2. Failure to Notify [Seite 196]
7.1.6.2 - II. Permission of Competition Authorities [Seite 197]
7.1.6.2.1 - 1. Suspension Principle [Seite 198]
7.1.6.2.2 - 2. Conditions and Obligations Attached to Permission [Seite 199]
7.1.6.2.3 - 3. Ancillary Restraints [Seite 200]
7.1.6.3 - III. Prohibition of Concentrations [Seite 203]
7.1.6.4 - IV. Negative Clearance [Seite 204]
7.1.7 - Third Chapter: Powers of Investigation and Enforcement [Seite 207]
7.1.8 - A. Introduction [Seite 207]
7.1.9 - B. Phases of Investigation [Seite 207]
7.1.9.1 - I. Pre-Notification Contacts [Seite 207]
7.1.9.2 - II. Preliminary Examination [Seite 208]
7.1.9.3 - III. Final Examination [Seite 210]
7.1.9.3.1 - 1. Preliminary Inquiry [Seite 210]
7.1.9.3.2 - 2. Investigation [Seite 210]
7.1.10 - C. Powers of Investigation [Seite 211]
7.1.10.1 - I. Information Request [Seite 211]
7.1.10.2 - II. On-the-spot Inspections [Seite 213]
7.1.10.3 - III. Administrative Fines and Periodic Penalty Payments [Seite 214]
7.1.10.3.1 - 1. Administrative Fines [Seite 215]
7.1.10.3.2 - 2. Periodic Penalty Payments [Seite 216]
7.1.11 - D. Private Law Consequences of Anti-Competitive Mergers [Seite 217]
7.1.11.1 - I. Validity of Concentrations [Seite 217]
7.1.11.2 - II. Liability for Damages [Seite 218]
8 - Fifth Part: Enforcement of Competition Rules [Seite 220]
8.1 - First Chapter: Institutions [Seite 220]
8.1.1 - A. Public Enforcement vs. Private Enforcement [Seite 220]
8.1.2 - B. Competition Authorities in the European Union [Seite 221]
8.1.2.1 - I. Cartel Regulation 1/2003 and Decentralization of the Enforcement of EU Competition Rules [Seite 221]
8.1.2.2 - II. Commission [Seite 223]
8.1.2.3 - III. National Competition Authorities [Seite 224]
8.1.3 - C. Turkish Competition Institutions [Seite 225]
8.1.3.1 - I. Competition Authority [Seite 226]
8.1.3.2 - II. Competition Board [Seite 228]
8.1.4 - D. National Courts and their Relation with Competition Authorities [Seite 229]
8.1.4.1 - I. Competition Board - National Courts [Seite 230]
8.1.4.2 - II. Commission - National Courts [Seite 234]
8.1.5 - Second Chapter: Public Enforcement of Competition Rules [Seite 239]
8.1.6 - A. Enforcement Procedures [Seite 239]
8.1.6.1 - I. Investigation Process [Seite 239]
8.1.6.1.1 - 1. Phases of Investigation [Seite 240]
8.1.6.1.2 - 2. Collection of Evidence: Powers of Investigation [Seite 243]
8.1.6.1.2.1 - a) Request for Information [Seite 243]
8.1.6.1.2.2 - b) On-the-Spot Inspections [Seite 244]
8.1.6.2 - II. Decisional Process [Seite 247]
8.1.6.2.1 - 1. Written Statements and Oral Hearings [Seite 247]
8.1.6.2.2 - 2. Final Decision [Seite 248]
8.1.6.2.2.1 - a) Introduction [Seite 248]
8.1.6.2.2.2 - b) Termination of Infringement [Seite 249]
8.1.6.2.2.3 - c) Administrative Fines and Penalty Payments [Seite 251]
8.1.7 - B. Leniency Programmes [Seite 253]
8.1.7.1 - I. Introduction [Seite 253]
8.1.7.2 - II. Types of Leniency [Seite 255]
8.1.7.2.1 - 1. Immunity from Fines [Seite 256]
8.1.7.2.2 - 2. Reduction of Fines [Seite 257]
8.1.8 - C. Judicial Review [Seite 258]
8.1.8.1 - I. Jurisdiction [Seite 259]
8.1.8.2 - II. Parties in Judicial Review [Seite 262]
8.1.8.3 - III. Annulment Grounds [Seite 262]
8.1.8.4 - IV. Effects of Judicial Review on Decisions of Competition Authorities [Seite 263]
8.1.9 - Third Chapter: Private Enforcement of Competition Rules [Seite 265]
8.1.10 - A. Invalidity and Unjust Enrichment [Seite 265]
8.1.11 - B. Liability for Damages [Seite 269]
9 - Sixth Part: Concluding Remarks [Seite 276]
10 - Annex [Seite 280]
11 - Act on the protection of competition (Excerpts) [Seite 280]
12 - Bibliography [Seite 294]