Language Change in Real- and Apparent-Time

Contents

List of figures
List of tables
Acknowledgments
Symbols and conventions
Codes and abbreviations

CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION TO LIFESPAN AND COMMUNITY CHANGE

1.1. Introduction

1.2. Challenges to the critical-period hypothesis

1.3. Approaches to studying language change

1.4. Individual and community patterns of linguistic change

1.5. Theoretical underpinnings and methodological framework for this book

1.6. Structure and contributions of this book

CHAPTER 2. METHODS FOR THE STUDY OF REAL- AND APPARENT-TIME LANGUAGE CHANGE

2.1. Introduction

2.2. The Swabian language and people

2.3. The corpus

2.4. Data collection and preparation

2.4.1 Step 1: Sample selection

2.4.2 Step 2: Sociolinguistic interview

2.4.3 Step 3: Recording

2.4.4 Step 4: Transcription

2.4.5 Step 5: Validation

2.4.6 Step 6: Annotation

2.5. The linguistic variable(s)

2.5.1 Phonological variables

2.5.1 Morphosyntactic variables

2.6. Measuring dialect density

2.7. Socio-demographic factors of language change

2.7.1 Speaker community

2.7.2 Speaker gender

2.7.3 Speaker age

2.7.4 Speaker education

2.7.5 Speaker social class

2.8. Change in real- and apparent-time

2.9. Change across the lifespan

2.10. Individual and community change

2.11. Summary

CHAPTER 3. THE SPEECH COMMUNITY AND URBAN-RURAL DIVIDE

3.1. Introduction

3.2. Speech communities

3.2.1 Stuttgart

3.2.2 Schwaebisch Gmuend

3.3. Urbanity and rurality

3.3.1 Regionality and dialect use

3.3.2 Community differences over time

3.3.3 The impact of higher education

3.4. The role of social networks

3.5. Coherence in the speech community

3.5.1 Covariation analysis

3.5.2 Measuring community coherence

3.5.3 Variable weightings

3.6. Summary

CHAPTER 4. DIALECT CONTACT, LEVELING AND SUPRAREGIONALIZATION

4.1. Introduction

4.2. Dialect contact and leveling

4.3. Rise of supralocal and supraregional varieties

4.4. Standard language convergence

4.5. Dialect levelling in Swabia

4.5.1 Frequency distributional analysis

4.5.2 Lifespan and community change

4.5.3 Interactions between the linguistic and social

4.6. Indexicalities of linguistic variables

4.6.1 Variable family

4.6.2 Variable salience

4.6.3 Variable stigma

4.6.4 Variable status

4.7. Supraregionalization in Swabia

4.8. Summary

CHAPTER 5. INDEXICALITIES OF IDENTITY, ACCOMMODATION, AND MOBILITY

5.1. Introduction

5.2. Linguistic accommodation

5.3. Local orientation and identity construction

5.4. Perpetual mobility and humanity

5.5. Cultural indices as indicators of dialect use

5.5.1 Local orientation

5.5.2 Interlocutor accommodation

5.5.3 Speaker mobility

5.6. Multivariate analysis

5.7. Summary

CHAPTER 6. LIFESPAN AND COMMUNITY CHANGE ACROSS THE LINGUISTIC ARCHITECTURE

6.1. Introduction

6.2. (ai) diphthong

6.2.1 Background

6.2.2 Measuring diphthong trajectories

6.2.3 Diphthong change in real- and apparent-time

6.2.4 Local orientation and loss of diphthong contrast

6.2.5 Internal linguistic factors and diphthong change

6.2.6 The interaction of the linguistic and social

6.2.7 Discussion

6.3. wo-relatives

6.3.1 Background

6.3.2 The Linguistic variable and the envelope of variation

6.3.3 Frequency distribution of wo-relatives

6.3.4 Multivariate analysis of wo-relatives

6.3.5 Discussion

6.4. Summary

CHAPTER 7. CONCLUSIONS AND LOOKING FORWARD

7.1. Introduction

7.2. Compatibility of combined panel and trend studies

7.3. Dialect leveling and supraregionalization in Swabian

7.4. Indexicalities and social meaning

7.5. Methodological and theoretical contributions to the field of sociolinguistics

7.6. Opportunities for future research

7.7. Summary

Appendices

Appendix A: Interview documents

Appendix B: Data transcription conventions

Appendix C: E2R data extraction and annotation process

Appendix D: Swabian-German Lexicon

References

Index