Understanding Behaviorism

Name: Understanding Behaviorism | Behavior, Culture, and Evolution
Brand: Wiley-Blackwell
Price: 38.99 EUR
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Behavior, Culture, and Evolution

William M. Baum(Autor*in)

Wiley-Blackwell (Verlag)

3. Auflage

Erschienen am 28. Dezember 2016

320 Seiten

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978-1-119-14365-9 (ISBN)

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Inhalt

Intro
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
Preface to the Third Edition
Acknowledgements
Part I What is Behaviorism?
Chapter 1 Behaviorism: Definition and History
Historical Background
From Philosophy to Science
Objective Psychology
Comparative Psychology
Early Behaviorism
Free Will Versus Determinism
Definitions
Arguments For and Against Free Will
Social Arguments
Aesthetic Arguments
Folk Psychology
Summary
Further Reading
Keyterms
Chapter 2 Behaviorism as Philosophy of Science
Realism versus Pragmatism
Realism
The Objective Universe
Discovery and Truth
Sense Data and Subjectivity
Explanation
Pragmatism
Science and Experience
Conceptual Economy
Explanation and Description
Radical Behaviorism and Pragmatism
Summary
Further Reading
Keyterms
Chapter 3 Public, Private, Natural, and Fictional
Mentalism
Public and Private Events
Natural Events
Natural, Mental, and Fictional
Objections to Mentalism
Autonomy: Mental Causes Obstruct Inquiry
Superfluity: Explanatory Fictions are Uneconomical
Category Mistakes
Ryle and the Para-Mechanical Hypothesis
Rachlin's Molar Behaviorism
Private Events
Private Behavior
Self-Knowledge and Consciousness
Summary
Further Reading
Keyterms
Part II A Scientific Model of Behavior
Chapter 4 Evolutionary Theory and Reinforcement
Evolutionary History
Natural Selection
Reflexes and Fixed Action Patterns
Reflexes
Fixed Action Patterns
Respondent Conditioning
Reinforcers and Punishers
Operant Behavior
Physiological Factors
Overview of Phylogenetic Influences
History of Reinforcement
Selection by Consequences
The Law of Effect
Shaping and Natural Selection
Historical Explanations
Summary
Further Reading
Keyterms
Chapter 5 Purpose and Reinforcement
History and Function
Using Historical Explanations
History Versus Immediate Cause
Gaps of Time
Functional Units
Species as Functional Units
Activities as Functional Units
Three Meanings of Purpose
Purpose as Function
Purpose as Cause
Purposive Behavior
Purposive Machines
Selection by Consequences
Creativity
Purpose as Feeling: Self-Reports
Talking About the Future
Talking About the Past
Feelings as By-Products
Summary
Further Reading
Keyterms
Chapter 6 Stimulus Control and Knowledge
Stimulus Control
Discriminative Stimuli
Extended Sequences and Discriminative Stimuli
Discrimination
Knowledge
Procedural Knowledge: Knowing How
Declarative Knowledge: Knowing About
Declarative Knowledge and Stimulus Control
What is a Lie?
Self-Knowledge
Public Versus Private Stimuli
Introspection
The Behavior of Scientists
Observation and Discrimination
Scientific Knowledge
Pragmatism and Contextualism
Summary
Further Reading
Keyterms
Chapter 7 Verbal Behavior and Language
What is Verbal Behavior?
Communication
Verbal Behavior as Operant Behavior
Speaking Has Consequences
The Verbal Community
Speaker and Listener
The Verbal Episode
The Reinforcement of Verbal Behavior
The Listener's Role
Examples
The Importance of History
Sign Language and Gestures
Nonhuman Animals
Talking to Myself
Verbal Behavior versus Language
Functional Units and Stimulus Control
Verbal Activities as Functional Units
Stimulus Control of Verbal Behavior
Common Misunderstandings
The Generative Nature of Language
Talking About Talking
Talking About the Future
Meaning
Reference Theories
Symbols and Lexicons
The Importance of Context
Meaning as Use
Consequences and Context
Varieties of Use
Dictionary Definitions
Technical Terms
Grammar and Syntax
Rules as Descriptions
Competence and Performance
Grammar and Grammarians
Where are the Rules?
Summary
Further Reading
Keyterms
Chapter 8 Rule-Governed Behavior and Thinking
What is Rule-Governed Behavior?
Rule-Governed versus Implicitly Shaped Behavior
Rules: Orders, Instructions, and Advice
Always Two Relations
The Proximate Reinforcement Relation
The Ultimate Reinforcement Relation
Learning to Follow Rules
Shaping Rule-Following
Where are the Rules?
Thinking and Problem-Solving
Changing Stimuli
Precurrent Behavior
Summary
Further Reading
Keyterms
Part III Social Issues
Chapter 9 Freedom
Uses of the Word Free
Being Free: Free Will
Feeling Free: Political and Social Freedom
Coercion and Aversive Control
Freedom and Happiness
Objections to the Behavioral View
Reinforcement Traps, Bad Habits, and Self-Control
Spiritual Freedom
The Challenge of Traditional Thinking
Summary
Further Reading
Keyterms
Chapter 10 Responsibility, Credit, and Blame
Responsibility and the Causes of Behavior
Free Will and the Visibility of Control
Assigning Credit and Blame
Compassion and Control
Responsibility and the Consequences of Behavior
What is Responsibility?
Practical Considerations: The Need for Control
Applying Consequences
What Kind of Control?
Summary
Further Reading
Keyterms
Chapter 11 Relationships, Management, and Government
Relationships
Mutual Reinforcement
Individuals and Organizations
Exploitation
The "Happy Slave"
Long-Term Consequences
Comparative Well-Being
Equity Theory
Which Comparisons?
Cooperation
Control and Counter-Control
Equity
Power
Democracy
Summary
Further Reading
Keyterms
Chapter 12 Values: Religion and Science
Questions about Value
Moral Relativism
Ethical Standards
The Law of Human Nature
The Question of Origins
A Scientific Approach to Values
Reinforcers and Punishers
Feelings
Evolutionary Theory and Values
Altruism and Cooperation
Morals
The Good Life
Summary
Further Reading
Keyterms
Chapter 13 The Evolution of Culture
Biological Evolution and Culture
Replicators and Fitness
Societies
Group Selection
Definition of Culture
Culture and Society
Culture and Fitness
Traits for Culture
Behavioral Specializations
Imitation
Social Reinforcers and Punishers
Variation, Transmission, and Selection
Variation
Cultural Replicators
Meme, Culturgen, Practice
Social Reinforcement and Punishment
Mutation, Recombination, and Immigration
Transmission
Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics
Transmission by Imitation
Transmission by Rule-Governed Behavior
Selection
Natural Selection in Culture
Selective Transmission
Rule-Following and Rule-Making
The Legend of Eslok
Cultural Group Selection
Self-Interest
Summary
Further Reading
Keyterms
Chapter 14 Design of Culture: Experimenting for Survival
Design from Evolution
Selective Breeding
Evaluation
Survival as a Standard
Guided Variation
The Experimental Society
Experimenting
Democracy
Happiness
Walden Two: Skinner's Vision
Interpreting Walden Two
Is Walden Two Utopian?
Objections
Summary
Further Reading
Keyterms
Glossary
Index
EULA

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