Impedance Spectroscopy

Name: Impedance Spectroscopy | Theory, Experiment, and Applications
Brand: Wiley-ISTE
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Theory, Experiment, and Applications

Evgenij Barsoukov J. Ross Macdonald(Herausgeber*in)

Wiley-ISTE (Verlag)

3. Auflage

Erschienen am 19. März 2018

560 Seiten

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978-1-119-33317-3 (ISBN)

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Beschreibung

The Essential Reference for the Field, Featuring Protocols, Analysis, Fundamentals, and the Latest Advances

Impedance Spectroscopy: Theory, Experiment, and Applications provides a comprehensive reference for graduate students, researchers, and engineers working in electrochemistry, physical chemistry, and physics. Covering both fundamentals concepts and practical applications, this unique reference provides a level of understanding that allows immediate use of impedance spectroscopy methods.

Step-by-step experiment protocols with analysis guidance lend immediate relevance to general principles, while extensive figures and equations aid in the understanding of complex concepts. Detailed discussion includes the best measurement methods and identifying sources of error, and theoretical considerations for modeling, equivalent circuits, and equations in the complex domain are provided for most subjects under investigation. Written by a team of expert contributors, this book provides a clear understanding of impedance spectroscopy in general as well as the essential skills needed to use it in specific applications.

Extensively updated to reflect the field's latest advances, this new Third Edition:

* Incorporates the latest research, and provides coverage of new areas in which impedance spectroscopy is gaining importance

* Discusses the application of impedance spectroscopy to viscoelastic rubbery materials and biological systems

* Explores impedance spectroscopy applications in electrochemistry, semiconductors, solid electrolytes, corrosion, solid state devices, and electrochemical power sources

* Examines both the theoretical and practical aspects, and discusses when impedance spectroscopy is and is not the appropriate solution to an analysis problem

Researchers and engineers will find value in the immediate practicality, while students will appreciate the hands-on approach to impedance spectroscopy methods. Retaining the reputation it has gained over years as a primary reference, Impedance Spectroscopy: Theory, Experiment, and Applications once again present a comprehensive reference reflecting the current state of the field.

Weitere Details

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Inhalt

Intro
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
Preface to the Third Edition
Preface to the Second Edition
Preface to the First Edition
Contributors to the Third Edition
Chapter 1 Fundamentals of Impedance Spectroscopy
1.1 Background, Basic Definitions, and History
1.1.1 The Importance of Interfaces
1.1.2 The Basic Impedance Spectroscopy Experiment
1.1.3 Response to a Small-Signal Stimulus in the Frequency Domain
1.1.4 Impedance-Related Functions
1.1.5 Early History
1.2 Advantages and Limitations
1.2.1 Differences between Solid-State and Aqueous Electrochemistry
1.3 Elementary Analysis of Impedance Spectra
1.3.1 Physical Models for Equivalent Circuit Elements
1.3.2 Simple RC Circuits
1.3.3 Analysis of Single Impedance Arcs
1.4 Selected Applications of IS
Chapter 2 Theory
2.1 The Electrical Analogs of Physical and Chemical Processes
2.1.1 Introduction
2.1.2 The Electrical Properties of Bulk Homogeneous Phases
2.1.2.1 Introduction
2.1.2.2 Dielectric Relaxation in Materials with a Single Time Constant
2.1.2.3 Distributions of Relaxation Times
2.1.2.4 Conductivity and Diffusion in Electrolytes
2.1.2.5 Conductivity and Diffusion: A Statistical Description
2.1.2.6 Migration in the Absence of Concentration Gradients
2.1.2.7 Transport in Disordered Media
2.1.3 Mass and Charge Transport in the Presence of Concentration Gradients
2.1.3.1 Diffusion
2.1.3.2 Mixed Electronic-Ionic Conductors
2.1.3.3 Concentration Polarization
2.1.4 Interfaces and Boundary Conditions
2.1.4.1 Reversible and Irreversible Interfaces
2.1.4.2 Polarizable Electrodes
2.1.4.3 Adsorption at the Electrode-Electrolyte Interface
2.1.4.4 Charge Transfer at the Electrode-Electrolyte Interface
2.1.5 Grain Boundary Effects
2.1.6 Current Distribution: Porous and Rough Electrodes-The Effect of Geometry
2.1.6.1 Current Distribution Problems
2.1.6.2 Rough and Porous Electrodes
2.2 Physical and Electrochemical Models
2.2.1 The Modeling of Electrochemical Systems
2.2.2 Equivalent Circuits
2.2.2.1 Unification of Immittance Responses
2.2.2.2 Distributed Circuit Elements
2.2.2.3 Ambiguous Circuits
2.2.3 Modeling Results
2.2.3.1 Introduction
2.2.3.2 Supported Situations
2.2.3.3 Unsupported Situations: Theoretical Models
2.2.3.4 Equivalent Network Models
2.2.3.5 Unsupported Situations: Empirical and Semiempirical Models
Chapter 3 Measuring Techniques and Data Analysis
3.1 Impedance Measurement Techniques
3.1.1 Introduction
3.1.2 Frequency Domain Methods
3.1.2.1 Audio Frequency Bridges
3.1.2.2 Transformer Ratio Arm Bridges
3.1.2.3 Berberian-Cole Bridge
3.1.2.4 Considerations of Potentiostatic Control
3.1.2.5 Oscilloscopic Methods for Direct Measurement
3.1.2.6 Phase-Sensitive Detection for Direct Measurement
3.1.2.7 Automated Frequency Response Analysis
3.1.2.8 Automated Impedance Analyzers
3.1.2.9 The Use of Kramers-Kronig Transforms
3.1.2.10 Spectrum Analyzers
3.1.3 Time-Domain Methods
3.1.3.1 Introduction
3.1.3.2 Analog-to-Digital Conversion
3.1.3.3 Computer Interfacing
3.1.3.4 Digital Signal Processing
3.1.4 Conclusions
3.2 Commercially Available Impedance Measurement Systems
3.2.1 General Measurement Techniques
3.2.1.1 Current-to-Voltage (I-E) Conversion Techniques
3.2.1.2 Measurements Using 2-, 3-, or 4-Terminal Techniques
3.2.1.3 Measurement Resolution and Accuracy
3.2.1.4 Single Sine and FFT Measurement Techniques
3.2.2 Electrochemical Impedance Measurement Systems
3.2.2.1 System Configuration
3.2.2.2 Why Use a Potentiostat?
3.2.2.3 Multi-electrode Techniques
3.2.2.4 Effects of Connections and Input Impedance
3.2.2.5 Verification of Measurement Performance
3.2.2.6 Floating Measurement Techniques
3.2.2.7 Multichannel Techniques
3.2.3 Materials Impedance Measurement Systems
3.2.3.1 System Configuration
3.2.3.2 Measurement of Low Impedance Materials
3.2.3.3 Measurement of High Impedance Materials
3.2.3.4 Reference Techniques
3.2.3.5 Normalization Techniques
3.2.3.6 High Voltage Measurement Techniques
3.2.3.7 Temperature Control
3.2.3.8 Sample Holder Considerations
3.3 Data Analysis
3.3.1 Data Presentation and Adjustment
3.3.1.1 Previous Approaches
3.3.1.2 Three-Dimensional Perspective Plotting
3.3.1.3 Treatment of Anomalies
3.3.2 Data Analysis Methods
3.3.2.1 Simple Methods
3.3.2.2 Complex Nonlinear Least Squares
3.3.2.3 Weighting
3.3.2.4 Which Impedance-Related Function to Fit?
3.3.2.5 The Question of ``What to Fit´´ Revisited
3.3.2.6 Deconvolution Approaches
3.3.2.7 Examples of CNLS Fitting
3.3.2.8 Summary and Simple Characterization Example
Chapter 4 Applications of Impedance Spectroscopy
4.1 Characterization of Materials
4.1.1 Microstructural Models for Impedance Spectra of Materials
4.1.1.1 Introduction
4.1.1.2 Layer Models
4.1.1.3 Effective Medium Models
4.1.1.4 Modeling of Composite Electrodes
4.1.2 Experimental Techniques
4.1.2.1 Introduction
4.1.2.2 Measurement Systems
4.1.2.3 Sample Preparation: Electrodes
4.1.2.4 Problems Associated with the Measurement of Electrode Properties
4.1.3 Interpretation of the Impedance Spectra of Ionic Conductors and Interfaces
4.1.3.1 Introduction
4.1.3.2 Characterization of Grain Boundaries by IS
4.1.3.3 Characterization of Two-Phase Dispersions by IS
4.1.3.4 Impedance Spectra of Unusual Two-Phase Systems
4.1.3.5 Impedance Spectra of Composite Electrodes
4.1.3.6 Closing Remarks
Acknowledgments
4.2 Characterization of the Electrical Response of Wide-Range-Resistivity Ionic and Dielectric Solid Materials by Immittance Spectroscopy
4.2.1 Introduction
4.2.2 Types of Dispersive Response Models: Strengths and Weaknesses
4.2.2.1 Overview
4.2.2.2 Variable-Slope Models
4.2.2.3 Composite Models
4.2.3 Illustration of Typical Data Fitting Results for an Ionic Conductor
4.2.4 Utility and Importance of Poisson-Nernst-Planck (PNP) Fitting Models
4.2.4.1 Introduction
4.2.4.2 Selective History of PNP Work
4.2.4.3 Exact PNP Responses at All Four Immittance Levels
4.3 Solid-State Devices
4.3.1 Electrolyte-Insulator-Semiconductor (EIS) Sensors
4.3.2 Solid Electrolyte Chemical Sensors
4.3.3 Photoelectrochemical Solar Cells
4.3.4 Impedance Response of Electrochromic Materials and Devices
4.3.4.1 Introduction
4.3.4.2 Materials
4.3.4.3 Theoretical Background
4.3.4.4 Experimental Results on Single Materials
4.3.4.5 Experimental Results on Electrochromic Devices
4.3.4.6 Conclusions and Outlook
4.3.5 Fast Processes in Gigahertz-Terahertz Region in Disordered Materials
4.3.5.1 Introduction
4.3.5.2 Lunkenheimer-Loidl Plot and Scaling of the Processes
4.3.5.3 Dynamic Processes
4.3.5.4 Final Remarks
Acknowledgments
4.4 Corrosion of Materials
4.4.1 Introduction
4.4.2 Fundamentals
4.4.3 Measurement of Corrosion Rate
4.4.4 Harmonic Analysis
4.4.5 Kramers-Kronig Transforms
4.4.6 Corrosion Mechanisms
4.4.6.1 Active Dissolution
4.4.6.2 Active-Passive Transition
4.4.6.3 The Passive State
4.4.7 Reaction Mechanism Analysis of Passive Metals
4.4.7.1 The Point Defect Model
4.4.7.2 Prediction of Defect Distributions
4.4.7.3 Optimization of the PDM on the Impedance Data
4.4.7.4 Sensitivity Analysis
4.4.7.5 Extraction of PDM Parameters from EIS Data
4.4.7.6 Simplified Method for Expressing the Impedance of a Stationary Barrier Layer
4.4.7.7 Comparison of Simplified Model with Experiment
4.4.7.8 Summary and Conclusions
4.4.8 Equivalent Circuit Analysis
4.4.8.1 Coatings
4.4.9 Other Impedance Techniques
4.4.9.1 Electrochemical Hydrodynamic Impedance (EHI)
4.4.9.2 Fracture Transfer Function (FTF)
4.4.9.3 Electrochemical Mechanical Impedance
4.5 Electrochemical Power Sources
4.5.1 Special Aspects of Impedance Modeling of Power Sources
4.5.1.1 Intrinsic Relation between Impedance Properties and Power Source Performance
4.5.1.2 Linear Time-Domain Modeling Based on Impedance Models: Laplace Transform
4.5.1.3 Expressing Electrochemical Model Parameters in Electrical Terms, Limiting Resistances, and Capacitances of Distribu...
4.5.1.4 Discretization of Distributed Elements, Augmenting Equivalent Circuits
4.5.1.5 Nonlinear Time-Domain Modeling of Power Sources Based on Impedance Models
4.5.1.6 Special Kinds of Impedance Measurement Possible with Power Sources: Passive Load Excitation and Load Interrupt
4.5.2 Batteries
4.5.2.1 Generic Approach to Battery Impedance Modeling
4.5.2.2 Lead-Acid Batteries
4.5.2.3 Nickel-Cadmium Batteries
4.5.2.4 Nickel-Metal Hydride Batteries
4.5.2.5 Li-ion Batteries
4.5.3 Nonideal Behavior Developed in Porous Electrode Supercapacitors
4.5.3.1 Introduction
4.5.3.2 Equivalent Circuits and Representation of Electrochemical Capacitor Behavior
4.5.3.3 Impedance and Voltammetry Behavior of Brush Electrode Models of Porous Electrodes
4.5.3.4 Deviations from Ideality
Acknowledgment
4.5.4 Fuel Cells
4.5.4.1 Introduction
4.5.4.2 Alkaline Fuel Cells (AFCs)
4.5.4.3 Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells (PEFCs)
4.5.4.4 The Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs)
4.6 Dielectric Relaxation Spectroscopy
4.6.1 Introduction
4.6.2 Dielectric Relaxation
4.6.2.1 Ion Conductivity
4.6.2.2 Dielectric Modulus
4.6.2.3 Use of Impedance Function in Dielectric Relaxation Experiments
4.6.2.4 Summary
Acknowledgment
4.7 Electrical Structure of Biological Cells and Tissues: Impedance Spectroscopy, Stereology, and Singular Perturbation Theory
4.7.1 Impedance Spectroscopy of Biological Structures Is a Platform Resting on Four Pillars
4.7.1.1 Anatomical Measurements
4.7.1.2 Impedance Measurements
4.7.1.3 Measurement Difficulties
4.7.1.4 Future Measurements
4.7.1.5 Interpreting Impedance Spectroscopy
4.7.1.6 Fitting Data
4.7.1.7 Results
4.7.1.8 Future Perspectives
Acronym and Model Definitions
References
Index
EULA

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