Smart & Sustainable Infrastructure: Building a Greener Tomorrow

Name: Smart & Sustainable Infrastructure: Building a Greener Tomorrow | Proceedings of the 1st Interdisciplinary Symposium on Smart & Sustainable Infrastructure (ISSSI 2023)
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Proceedings of the 1st Interdisciplinary Symposium on Smart & Sustainable Infrastructure (ISSSI 2023)

Nemkumar Banthia Salman Soleimani-Dashtaki Sidney Mindess(Herausgeber*in)

Springer (Verlag)

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Erschienen am 19. Februar 2024

XXXII, 1188 Seiten

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Inhalt

Intro
Preface
Organization
Contents
RILEM Publications
Advanced Materials in Construction Innovations and Applications
Optimizing Performance-Engineered Concrete Mixtures Using Linear Programming
1 Background
1.1 Designing Performance-Engineered Concrete
1.2 Performance Targets from AASHTO R101-22
2 Materials and Numerical Methods
2.1 Materials
2.2 Thermodynamic Modeling
2.3 Pore Partitioning Model (PPM) and Upscaling to Concrete
2.4 Optimization
3 Results and Discussions
3.1 Influence of Relative Cost of Materials and CO2
4 Conclusions
References
Investigating the Self-sealing of a Healing Agent via a Korean Permeability Test and a Migration Test
1 Introduction
2 Materials
2.1 Organic/Inorganic Composite Material (WM)
3 Methods
3.1 Fresh Properties and Strength
3.2 Water Permeability
3.3 Quasi-steady State Chloride Migration
4 Results and Discussion
4.1 Flow Values and Strength
4.2 Water Permeability
4.3 Quasi-steady State Chloride Migration
5 Conclusions
References
Study of Hydration of Belite-Based Cement with High Gypsum Content
1 Introduction
2 Materials and Methods
2.1 Clinker Production
2.2 Cement Preparation
2.3 Cement Paste Preparation and Hydration Stoppage
2.4 Sample Preparation for XRD and TGA
2.5 XRD
2.6 Thermal Analysis
3 Results and Discussion
4 Conclusions
References
Mechanical Performance of 100% Recycled Aggregate Based Geopolymer Concrete at Various Concentrations of NaOH
1 Introductions
2 Investigation of Raw Materials and Mixing Procedure
2.1 Materials
2.2 Mixing Methodology
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Fresh Properties
3.2 Compressive Strength of RAGPC
3.3 Split Tensile Strength
4 Conclusion
References
Thermoplastic Impregnated Textile Reinfrocement for the Industrial Realisation of Complex Shaped Concrete Elements
1 Introduction
2 Methodology
2.1 Materials
2.2 Characterisation of the Reinforcement
2.3 Characterisation of the Textile Reinforced Concrete
3 Results and Discussion
4 Conclusions
References
Optimizing Digital 3D Printing of Concrete Structures
1 Introduction
2 Printing Optimisation
2.1 Methods
2.2 Sample Analysis for Printing Optimisation
3 Kinetic Material Model
4 Sample Analysis of the Prvok House
4.1 Description
4.2 Results
5 Conclusions
References
Evaluation of Tensile Behaviour of 3D Printed Concrete Assemblies with Reinforcement
1 Introduction
2 Materials and Methods
3 Results and Discussion
4 Conclusions
References
Characteristics of High Calcium Fly Ash Geopolymer Mortar
1 Introduction
2 Methodology
2.1 Materials and Equipment
2.2 Manufacture
3 Results
4 Discussion
5 Conclusions
References
Synthesis of Magnetic Calcium Silicate Hydrate (M-C-S-H) and Its Adsorption Behaviors of Heavy Metal Ions in Wastewater
1 Introduction
2 Materials and Methods
2.1 Synthesis of the Adsorbents
2.2 Characterization of the Adsorbents
2.3 Batch Adsorption Experiments
2.4 Regeneration and Recycling Performance of M-C-S-H
2.5 Removal of Heavy Metals from Massive Wastewater
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Characterization of Adsorbents
3.2 Effects of M-C-S-H Dosage on Removal Efficiency
3.3 Adsorption Isotherms and Thermodynamics
3.4 Adsorption Mechanism of Heavy Metals on M-C-S-H
3.5 Regeneration and Recycling of M-C-S-H
3.6 Application of M-C-S-H in Massive Wastewater
4 Conclusion
References
Evaluation of Concrete-Steel Friction for Automated Tunnel Segment Extrusion
1 Introduction
2 Experimental Programme: Set-Up and Materials
2.1 Material Composition
2.2 Experimental Set-Up
3 Experimental Results
3.1 Data Analysis Rationale
3.2 Influence of Mix-Design Variables
3.3 Influence of Process Variables (Mould Slip-Rate)
3.4 Correlation with Mix Temperature Evolution
4 Conclusions
References
A Long-Term Influence of Sewage Sludge Ash as an Additive on Shearing Capacity in Collapsible Soil
1 Introduction
1.1 Problematic Soils
1.2 Sewage
2 Material and Methods
3 Result and Discussion
4 Conclusions
References
The Role of Reinforced Interface Adhesive Layer to Construct Resilient Pavement
1 Introduction
1.1 General
1.2 Adhesive Layer
2 Materials and Methods
2.1 Materials
2.2 Methods
3 Results and Discussion
4 Conclusions
References
Final Disposal of Molecular Sieves in Cement Mortars
1 Introduction
2 Methodology
2.1 Characterization
2.2 Cement Mixes
2.3 Leachate
3 Results
3.1 Characterization
3.2 Cement Mixes
3.3 Leaching
4 Conclusions
References
Predicting the Alkali Contribution of SCMs to Concrete Pore Solution
1 Introduction
2 Materials and Methods
3 Results and Discussion
4 Conclusions
References
An Investigation into the Effect of Pre-treated Milkweed Fibers on Hydration of Portland Cement
1 Introduction
2 Materials and Experimental Procedures
2.1 Materials
2.2 Mix Proportions
2.3 Testing Procedure
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Effect of Pre-Treatment Methods on MW Fibers Chemical Composition
3.2 Effect of MW Fibers on Hydration Products of Cement Paste Samples
4 Conclusions
References
Mitigating Autogenous Shrinkage by Using Recycled Superabsorbent Polymers
1 Introduction
2 Materials and Methods
2.1 Materials
2.2 Mixture Composition
2.3 Mixing Procedure
2.4 Autogenous Strain Test
2.5 Free Shrinkage Strain Test
2.6 Flexural and Compressive Strength Testing
2.7 Microscopic Analysis
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Autogenous Shrinkage Testing
3.2 Formed Microporosity and ReSAP Size
3.3 Mechanical Properties
3.4 Free Shrinkage Results
4 Conclusions
References
Printability and Shape Stability of Cement Mortar Incorporating Low Volume of Micro-Polypropylene Fiber for 3D Printing Application
1 Introduction
2 Experimental Process
2.1 Materials
2.2 Mix Proportions
2.3 Experimental Series
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Flow Test
3.2 Initial Printable Time (Tint)
3.3 Filament Dimension
3.4 Viscosity
4 Conclusions
References
Influence of Cold Joint on Fracture Behaviour of 3D Printed Concrete
1 Introduction
2 Experimental Program
3 Results and Discussion
4 Conclusions
References
Self-Sensing Performance of Cementitious Composites with Carbon and Recycled Carbon Fibres
1 Introduction
2 Experimental Programme
2.1 Materials and Mix Proportions
2.2 Specimen Preparation and Testing
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Mechanical Characterisation
3.2 Electrical Resistivity
3.3 Piezoresistive behaviour
4 Conclusions
References
Self-Sealing Performance of Healing Agents via a Low and High Pressure Water Permeability Test with Active Crack Width Control
1 Introduction
2 Materials
2.1 Organic/Inorganic Composite Admixture
2.2 Bacterial Pellets
2.3 Mix Design
3 Test Methods
3.1 Crack Creation and Active Crack Width Control
3.2 Permeability Testing
4 Results and Discussion
4.1 Compressive Strength
4.2 Crack Width
4.3 Low Head Water Permeability Testing
4.4 High Head Water Permeability Testing
5 Conclusions
References
Optimizing the Effects of Mineral Admixtures and Curing Regimes on Sustainable Non-proprietary UHPC
1 Introduction
2 Material and Experiment Design
2.1 Raw Materials and Mix Design Information
2.2 Mixing Procedure and Curing Protocols
2.3 Experiment Design
3 Result and Analysis
3.1 Fresh Properties
3.2 Compressive Strength
3.3 Material Price Calculation
4 Conclusions
References
The Effect of U-Type Expanding Agent for Concrete (UEA) on the Microstructural and Mechanical Properties of Mortar Fabricated Through Alternate 3D Printing
1 Introduction
2 Experimental
2.1 Materials
2.2 Design of the Alternate Concrete 3D-Printing Device
2.3 Sample Preparation
2.4 Testing Methods
3 Results
3.1 X-Ray CT Analysis
3.2 Interlayer Defect in Alternate 3D-Printed Structure
3.3 Interlayer Defect Regulation in Alternate 3D-Printed Structure
3.4 Mechanical Strength
3.5 Effect of UEA on the Mechanical Strength
4 Conclusions
References
Emerging Trends in Sustainable Construction Materials and Practices
Effects of Pretreatment Methods and Physical Properties of Cellulose Fibers on Compatibility of Fiber-Cement Composites: A Review
1 Introduction
1.1 Overview of Cellulose Fibers
1.2 Challenges in Achieving Cellulose Fiber-Cement Matrices Compatibility
2 Effects of Physical Properties of Cellulose Fibers on Fiber-Cement Matrix
2.1 Length/Diameter
2.2 Aspect Ratio
2.3 Surface Area
2.4 Surface Roughness
2.5 Surface Energy
3 Effects of Different Pretreatment Methods on Cellulose Fiber-Cement Matrix
3.1 Physical Pretreatment
3.2 Chemical Pretreatment
3.3 Enzymatic Pretreatment
4 Conclusions
References
Recycled Concrete Aggregates - State of Play in South Africa and Collaborative Programme with IITM
1 Background
1.1 Inception of the Programme
1.2 Laboratory and Other Work Undertaken
2 Waste Generation and Recovery
2.1 Challenges in Collection and Sorting of Concrete Waste
3 Durability Aspects of Using RCA
3.1 Gas Permeability
3.2 Chloride Transport
4 Online Teaching and Learning Resources Available
5 Closure
References
Improvement of Recycled Cement Powder Characteristics from C&D Wastes by Accelerated CO2 Curing and/or Heat Treatment
1 Introduction
2 Material and Methods
2.1 Recycled Cement Powder (RCP)
2.2 Physical Properties
2.3 Microstructural Analysis
2.4 Activity Index
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Mechanical Properties
3.2 Physical Properties
3.3 Phase Assemblages
4 Conclusions
References
Hydration and Strength Development in Limestone Calcined Clay Cements with Low-Grade Limestone
1 Introduction
2 Materials and Methods
3 Results and Discussions
4 Conclusions
References
Transition Towards Low Carbon Concrete - Persuading Parameters
1 Introduction
2 Carbon Reduction Potential of the Materials and Design Parameters
2.1 Clinker Content Reduction for the Specified Minimum Cement Content
2.2 Improving the Quality of Concrete Used
2.3 Using a Lower Partial Safety Factor of the Loads for Design of a Concrete Structural Member
3 Summary and Conclusions
References
A Case Study on Structural Steel Reuse: From Source Material to New Construction
1 Introduction
1.1 Case Study
2 Methodology
2.1 Identification of Steel to Salvage
2.2 Steel Salvage Procedure
2.3 Steel Salvage Inspection
2.4 Design with Reused Steel
2.5 Automation of Beam Matching
2.6 BIM Integration
3 Results
4 Discussion
4.1 Design Considerations
4.2 Advantages of Automation
4.3 Impact on Embodied Carbon
4.4 Net Cost of Program on Project
5 Conclusions
References
Paving Zero Emissions?
1 Introduction
2 State of the Art
2.1 Asphalt Fume
2.2 VOC: General Definition and Classifications
2.3 VOC Measurement Techniques
3 Stated Problems
4 Experiment
4.1 TVOC Sampling Method
5 Results and Discussion
6 Conclusions
References
Enhancement of Early Age Strength of Activated Steel By-Products
1 Introduction
2 Materials and Experimental Works
2.1 Materials
2.2 Experimental Works
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 EAS Study of AGGBS Mixes Blended with Steel By-Products
3.2 Flow
3.3 Compressive and Flexural Strength Development
4 Conclusions
References
CO2 Capture of Concrete Waste Fines Through Wet Carbonation Under Seawater
1 Introduction
2 Materials and Methods
2.1 Materials
2.2 Methods
2.3 Calculation
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 pH of Solution
3.2 Mineral ion Concentration in Solution
3.3 Reaction Kinetics
3.4 Phase Assemblage Evolution
3.5 CO2 Capture
4 Conclusions
References
Environmental and Mechanical Investigation of Sustainable Lightweight Aggregate Concrete
1 Introduction
2 Materials and Methods
2.1 Materials
2.2 Mixture Design and Sample Preparation
2.3 Test Procedures
2.4 LCA
3 Test Results and Discussion
3.1 Compressive Strength and CO2 Embodied
3.2 Sensitivity Analysis
4 Summary and Conclusion
References
Microstructural Analysis of Ternary Hybrid Alkaline Binders Containing Slag, Fly Ash and Portland Cement
1 Introduction
2 Materials and Methods
3 Results and Discussions
4 Conclusions
References
Critical Parameters Affecting the Carbon Footprint of Asphalt Mixes
1 Introduction
1.1 Asphalt Pavements in USA
1.2 Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)
1.3 Pavement Life Cycle
2 Case Study
2.1 Influence of the Materials
2.2 Transportation Phase
2.3 Production Plant Operations
3 Discussions and Conclusions
References
Reuse of Waste Plastic as an Alternative of Concrete Used in Blocks
1 Introduction
2 Material Used
2.1 Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET)
2.2 River Sand
2.3 Fly Ash
2.4 Marble Powder
3 Equipment Used
3.1 Electric Oven
3.2 Tamping Rod
4 Experimental Programme
4.1 Mix Design and Trials Results
4.2 Methodology
5 Experimental Tests and Results
5.1 Water Absorption Test
5.2 Compressive Strength Test
5.3 Heat Resistance Test
6 Conclusions
References
Fresh and Hardened Properties of Low-Clinker Cementitious Systems with Low-Co2 Footprint Produced with Carbonated Fine Recycled Aggregates
1 Introduction
2 Material and Method
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Properties of fRCA
3.2 Mortar Mixtures
4 Conclusions
References
Environmental Assessment of Asphaltic Wearing Course Containing Mixed Plastic Waste in Singapore
1 Introduction
2 Research Methodology
2.1 Materials
2.2 Laboratory Tests
2.3 Field Investigation
3 Results and Discussions
3.1 Laboratory Test Results
3.2 Field Investigation Results
4 Conclusions
References
Study on Shrinkage and Elastic Modulus of Limestone Calcined Clay Cement Concrete
1 Introduction
2 Materials and Methods
2.1 Materials
2.2 Static Elastic Modulus Test
2.3 Free Shrinkage Test
3 Results and Discussions
3.1 Elastic Modulus
3.2 Drying Shrinkage
4 Discussion
5 Conclusions
References
The Repairs, Renovation, Waterproofing of 50 Years Old "Wankhede Cricket Stadium" with Reduction of Carbon Foot Print of Over 10,00,000 Kgs of Co2
1 History of the Stadium
2 Introduction
3 Methodology of Restoration
4 Reduction of Carbon Footprint
5 Conclusions
References
Carbon Reduction in Concrete Design and Construction
1 Introduction
1.1 Sustainability, Development and Resilience
1.2 Pathways to Net Zero CO2 Emissions
2 Designers Role in CO2e Reduction
2.1 Increasing Recognition of Designers' Role
2.2 Contribution of Designers
2.3 Examples of Designer Carbon Dioxide Reduction Actions
3 Environmental Product Declarations (EPDs)
4 Reporting Progress
References
Assessing the Trade-Off Between Sustainability and Resiliency of Reinforced Concrete in Corrosive Conditions: An LCA-System Dynamics Approach
1 Introduction
1.1 Sustainability and Resiliency
1.2 LCA-SDA
2 LCA-SDA Model Development
2.1 Conceptual Model Development
2.2 Quantitative Model Development
2.3 Data Collection
2.4 Model Simulation and Outputs
3 LCA-SDA Model Application - Example Case Study
3.1 Model Inputs
3.2 Model Simulation and Outputs (Results)
4 Model Assumptions and Limitations
5 Conclusions and Future Work
References
A New Technology for Full Replacement of Natural Aggregates with Bioremediated Recycled Aggregates and Its Lifecycle Assessment
1 Introduction
2 Experimental Program
2.1 Recycled and Natural Aggregate
2.2 Bioremediation Technique
2.3 Production of Concrete
2.4 Sample Preparation for Microstructure and Nanoindentation
2.5 Life Cycle Analysis
3 Results and Discussions
3.1 Water Absorption and Specific Gravity
3.2 Compressive and Tensile Strength
3.3 Interfacial Properties Using Nanoindentation
3.4 Microstructure
3.5 Lifecycle Assessment
4 Conclusions
References
Study on the Causes that Effect of Carbonation on the Elastic Modulus of Different Cured Concrete and Mortar Containing High Ggbs Content
1 Introduction
2 Correlation Between Compressive Strength and Elastic Modulus of Concrete
2.1 Outline of Experiments
2.2 Compressive Strength and Elastic Modulus Test
2.3 Results of Compressive Strength and Elastic Modulus Test
3 Effects of Microcracks in the Specimen on the Surface Layer
3.1 Mix Proportion and Experimental Outline
3.2 Effects of Microcracks in the Surface Layer
3.3 Effects of Microcracks Inside of the Specimen
4 Conclusions
References
Fabric-Reinforced Lime Composite as a Strengthening System for Masonry Materials: A Study of Adhesion Using Flexural and Tensile Testing
1 Introduction
2 Experimental Procedure
2.1 Materials
2.2 Sample Preparation
3 Results and Discussions
3.1 Flexural Behaviour of the Lime-Based with Stone Plates
3.2 Tensile Behaviour of the Lime-Based with Stone Plates
4 Conclusion
References
A Performance Enhancement Technique for Recycled Concrete Aggregates
1 Introduction
2 Literature Review
3 Materials
3.1 Aggregates
3.2 Cement
3.3 Waterproofing Agent
4 Experimental Methodology
4.1 Treatment Process for RCAs
4.2 Specimen Preparation
5 Experimental Results and Discussion
6 Conclusions
References
Informal Sector Inclusion in Sustainable Concrete Construction in Africa
1 Introduction
2 Africa's Potentials to Drive Green Cement and Concrete Technologies
3 Africa's Informal Sector
4 Ways to Integrate Africa's Informal Sector in Sustainable Construction Strategies
4.1 Incentives
4.2 Provide Quality Control Tools Outside the Official Rules
4.3 Education
4.4 Simplification of Standards and Building Codes to the Essence
4.5 Translation of Standards and Codes to Tangible Language
4.6 Embrace the Existing Circularity Methods
4.7 Create Livelihoods Through Sustainable Construction
5 Conclusions
References
The Comparison of the Bleeding Potential of Chip Seals Developed with Recycled Materials and Limestone Aggregates
1 Introduction
2 Materials and Methods
2.1 Materials
2.2 The Chip Seal Mixture Design
2.3 Experimental Tests
3 Discussion and Results
3.1 The Chip Seal Macrostructure
3.2 The Chip Seal Bleeding Potential
4 Conclusion
References
Integration of Concrete Sustainability Information as Part of the BIM Process
1 Introduction
1.1 Background
2 Sharing Sustainability Information
2.1 Moving to "Live" EPD Data
2.2 Performance Mixtures and On-Demand EPDs
3 The Future of EPD's
3.1 The Future Is Here
3.2 EPD Histories
3.3 Platforms and Data Exchange Protocols
4 Future Extensions of BIM
5 Conclusion
References
Prediction of the Resource Amount of Calcium Carbonate Concrete Materials Generated from Concrete Stocks in the Past and Future
1 Introduction
2 Concrete Production and Stocks from Past to Present
2.1 Method of Calculation and Estimation
2.2 Result of Discussion
3 Prediction of the Amount of Future Concrete Labbles
3.1 Method of Calculation and Estimation
3.2 Result of Discussion
4 Conclusions
References
Carbonation and Shrinkage Behavior of Alkali-Activated GGBS Mortar Incorporated with Supplementary Precursors
1 Introduction
1.1 General Information
2 Materials and Experimental Procedures
2.1 Materials
2.2 Production, Casting and Curing
2.3 Testing Procedure
3 Results and Discussions
3.1 Setting Times and Workability
3.2 Compressive and Tensile Strength
3.3 Shrinkage
3.4 Carbonation
3.5 Porosity
4 Conclusions
References
Optimized Mix Design Regarding Cost and Sustainability
1 Introduction
1.1 Definition of 'Mix Design Optimization' (MDO)
1.2 Concrete Mix Design
2 Description of the Current Model
2.1 Characteristics of the Constituents
2.2 Specified Concrete Properties
2.3 Modelling Concrete Behaviour
2.4 Model Calibration
2.5 Optimization Engine
2.6 Universality
3 Example of Sustainability Optimization
3.1 Characteristics of the Binders
3.2 Reference Mix and Mix Specifications
3.3 Mix Optimization Results
4 Conclusions and Further Development
4.1 Conclusions
4.2 Further Development
References
Integrated Structural and Energy Retrofitting Based on Cementitious Composites and Phase Change Materials
1 Introduction
2 Structural Upgrading
2.1 Components
2.2 Composites
2.3 Systems
2.4 Structures
3 Thermal Energy Retrofitting
3.1 Components
3.2 Composites
3.3 Systems
3.4 Buildings
4 Integrated Retrofitting or Upgrading
4.1 Integrated Energy Retrofitting
4.2 Integrated Energy and Structural Retrofitting
5 Integrated Upgrading of PCM-Based Composites
5.1 Phase Chang Materials (PCMs)
5.2 PCM-Based Composites
5.3 Integration of Structural and Energy Retrofitting Using PCM-Based Composites
6 Conclusions
References
Thermal Energy Storage of Integrated Energy and Structural Retrofitting Systems for Masonry Walls: Cases Studies and Numerical Assessments
1 Introduction
2 Experimental Plan
2.1 Materials and Walls
2.2 Input Data for the Thermal Analyses
3 1st Thermodynamics Law and Enthalpy Method
3.1 Thermodynamics Principles
3.2 Enthalpy-Based and Apparent Calorific Capacity Method
3.3 Initial, Internal and External Boundary Conditions
4 Results and Discussions
5 Conclusions
References
R3 Revealed - Inside Views from Calcined Clay Calorimetry Brews
1 Introduction
2 Experimental
2.1 Materials
2.2 Calorimetry
2.3 XRD and TGA
2.4 Microscopy
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Calorimetry
3.2 XRD and TGA
3.3 Microscopy
4 Conclusions
References
Assessment and Enhancement of Concrete Durability in Challenging Environments
Determining Factors Affecting Pitting Corrosion of Stainless Steel Reinforcing Bars
1 Introduction
2 Materials and Methods
2.1 Stainless Steel (SS) Rebars
2.2 Surrounding Testing Media
2.3 Experimental Corrosion Test Performed on SS Rebar
2.4 Method of Data Analyses
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Factors Affecting Pitting Corrosion of SS Rebar
4 Summary and Conclusion
References
Durability Problems of Reinforced Concrete Structures on the Lagos Lagoon in Nigeria
1 Introduction
2 Methodology
2.1 Preparation of Concrete Samples
2.2 Compressive Strength Test
2.3 Flexural Strength Test
2.4 Pull-Out Test
2.5 Deterioration Equation
2.6 Non-linear Finite Element Analysis of Beams
3 Results and Discussions
3.1 Compressive Strength
3.2 Flexural Strength Test
3.3 Bond Strength Test
3.4 Beam Simulation Results
4 Conclusions
References
Optimizing Mixture Components, Shiv Size and Content in Hempcrete for Thermal Capacitance
1 Introduction
2 Material and Sample Preparation
3 Thermal Testing
4 Thermal Model
5 Results and Discussion
5.1 Effect of Hemp Size
5.2 Effect of Hemp Content
6 Conclusions
References
High-Performance Concrete Cover - A Smart Way to Increase Service Life and Reduce Co2
1 Introduction
2 The Need to Change Construction Practice
2.1 The Need for CO2 Reduction
2.2 Increasing Demand for Concrete
2.3 Limitations on Clinker Substitutes
2.4 Limitations on Carbon Capture
2.5 The Need to Improve Construction Practice
3 High Performance Concrete Cover Model
3.1 Summary
3.2 Durable Infrastructure and Service Life
3.3 Durable Concrete Mix Designs
4 Case Studies of HPCC
4.1 New Construction - Case Studies
4.2 Existing Construction - Case Studies
5 Design and Construction Considerations
6 Conclusions
References
Effects of Hydrolytic Aging on the Behaviour of Nano Silica (SiO2)-Treated Spruce Wood
1 Introduction
2 Experimental Procedure
2.1 Materials
2.2 Sample Preparation
2.3 Sample Characterization
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Scanning Electron Microscopy
3.2 Thermogravimetric Analysis
3.3 Tensiometry
3.4 Dynamic Mechanical Analysis
4 Conclusions
References
Corrosion-Induced Cracks in Reinforced Concrete Slabs Incorporating Multi-peak Nonuniform Rust Layer
1 Introduction
2 Experimental Programme
2.1 Design of Specimens and Accelerated Corrosion Test
2.2 Measurement of Rust Distribution and Crack Development
3 Simulation of Rust Distribution Based on AGvM Model
4 A Proposed 3D FE Model of Corrosion-Induced Concrete Cracking
5 Conclusion
References
Potential Strength and Durability of Blended Low-Grade Limestone Calcined Clay Cement Concrete
1 Introduction
2 Materials
2.1 Mix Proportion and Design
3 Experimental Methods
3.1 Compressive Strength
3.2 Surface Resistivity
3.3 Resistance to Chloride Ingress
4 Results and Discussions
4.1 Compressive Strength
4.2 Surface Resistivity
4.3 Resistance to Chloride Ingress
5 Conclusions
References
Chloride Transport Characterisation in Self-healing Concretes
1 Introduction
2 Experimental Procedure
2.1 Concrete Mix Design and Sample Preparation
2.2 Cracking Procedure
2.3 Crack Characterization
2.4 Chloride Migration Test Setup
3 Results
3.1 Chloride Penetration Profiles
3.2 Cracked and Uncracked Migration Coefficients
3.3 Mean Profile Thickness (xh1 & xh2) vs Average Penetration Depths (xd)
3.4 Effect of Prior Immersion in Water on Dnssm,cr
4 Conclusions
References
Acid Resistance Evaluation of Expansive and Non-expansive Calcium Sulfoaluminate Cements
1 Introduction
2 Materials and Methods
3 Chemistry of Unexposed Paste
4 Hydrochloric and Sulfuric Acid Attack of Pastes
4.1 Evolution of Physical Changes
4.2 Performance of Gypsum Blended Mortar
5 Conclusions
References
Understanding the Carbonation Performance of Cements Containing Calcined Clay
1 Introduction
2 Materials and Methods
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Carbonation Assessment in Cement Mortars
3.2 Carbonation Assessment in Cement Paste
4 Conclusions
References
Effect of Graphene Oxide on Chloride ION Penetration in Standard Canadian Mixes
1 Introduction
2 Materials and Methods
2.1 Materials
2.2 Sample Preparation and Testing
3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1 Isothermal calorimetry
3.2 Concrete
3.3 Rapid Chloride Penetration Test (RCPT)
4 Conclusion
References
New Systems for Sustainable Strengthening and Service Life Extension of Existing Structures
1 Introduction
1.1 Strengthening by the Use of Concrete Screw Anchors
1.2 Strengthening by the Use of Textile Reinforcement
2 Scientific Investigations
2.1 Shear Tests with Concrete Screw Anchors as Post-installed Reinforcement
2.2 Shear and Torsional Strengthening with Textile Carbon Reinforcement
3 Pilot Projects of the Strengthening Systems
3.1 Shear Strengthening of a Concrete Slab Bridge
3.2 Punching Reinforcement of a Concrete Slab Bridge
3.3 Bending and Shear Reinforcement of a Prestressed Concrete Railroad Bridge
3.4 Reinforcement with Carbon Reinforced Concrete
4 Conclusions
References
Autogenous and Stimulated Healing of UHPC Under Torsion Induced Cracking
1 Introduction
2 Experimental Programme: Set-Up and Materials
2.1 Material Composition
2.2 Experimental Programme
3 Experimental Results
3.1 Crack Sealing Capacity
3.2 Post-Healing Failure Evidence
4 Numerical Modelling Validation
5 Conclusions
References
20-year Monitored Performance of Distributed Galvanic Anodes
1 Introduction
2 Development and Monitoring of Distributed Anode
3 Distributed Anode Monitoring - Kirkwood Avenue Overpass Rapid Bridge Replacement
3.1 Existing Conditions
3.2 Design Approach
3.3 Monitoring
4 Half-life Analysis
5 Case Study - Highway 401 King ST Overpass
5.1 Introduction and Problems
5.2 Solutions
6 Conclusions
References
Pullout Behavior of Straight Steel Fiber Reinforced UHPC Subjected to Single Cryogenic to Elevated Cycle
1 Introduction
2 Experimental Program
2.1 Raw Materials
2.2 Experiments Equipment and Methods
3 Experimental Program
3.1 Pullout Curves
3.2 Bond Strength and Pullout Energy
4 Conclusions
References
Proposal for a New Maintenance and Deterioration Prediction System Using Center of Core
1 Introduction
2 Comprehensive Deterioration Diagnosis System Using Structural Cores
2.1 Vacuum Water Absorption Test
2.2 Accelerated Carbonation Tests Using Internal Core
2.3 Methods of Evaluating the Test Results
3 Application Examples and Effectiveness
3.1 Investigation of Structures Subject to Frost Damage
3.2 Breakwater Structures with Excessive Salt Supply
4 Toward Advanced Deterioration Prediction
References
Durability of Waste Glass Fine Aggregates in Cement Composites
1 Introduction
1.1 General Information
1.2 Mechanical Characteristics of Cementitious Glass Composites
1.3 Durability Characteristics of Cementitious Glass Composites
1.4 Calcium Aluminate Cement
2 Materials
2.1 Cementitious Materials
2.2 Sand and Waste Glass
2.3 Mix Proportioning and Casting
3 Test Methodology
3.1 Compressive Strength Test
3.2 Alkali Silica Reaction (ASR) Test
4 Results and Discussion
4.1 Compressive Strength
4.2 Alkali Silica Reaction (ASR)
5 Conclusion
6 Futurework
References
Effects of Natural Drying and Carbonation on a Method for Investigating Fire-Damaged Concrete Using Phenolphthalein Solutions
1 Introduction
2 Experiment 1. Color Reactions of Two PP Solutions in High-Temperature-Heated Cement Paste Specimens
2.1 Experimental Methods
2.2 Results and Discussion
3 Experiment 2. Solution Color Reactions in High-Temperature-Heated Concrete Core Samples
3.1 Experimental Methods
3.2 Results and Discussion
3.3 Effective Use of the Two PP Solutions for Examining Fire-Damaged Concrete Structures
4 Conclusions
References
Durability of Concrete According to Performance-Concept - Inspection of Bridges
1 Introduction
2 Materials and Methods
2.1 Selection of Structures
2.2 Safety During Inspections
2.3 In-Situ Tests
2.4 Laboratory Tests
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Visual Inspection
3.2 Concrete Cover
3.3 Electrical Resistivity
3.4 Carbonation Depth
3.5 Chloride Content in Various Depths
4 Conclusions
References
Self-healing Performance Evaluation for Concrete Beams with Artificial Inner Tunnel and Repair Agents by Non-destructive Testing
1 Introduction
2 Outline and Purpose of the Experiment
3 Materials Used and Specimen Dimensions
3.1 Materials Used
3.2 Specimen Dimensions
4 Experimental Procedure
4.1 Detailed Experimental Procedure and Outline of Flexural Strength Test
4.2 Flexural Strength Test Results
5 Restoration Performance Evaluation by Various Non-destructive Tests
5.1 Transit Time Ultrasonic Measurement (NDT-A)
5.2 Flexural Mode Frequency Measurement (NDT-B)
5.3 Elastic Wave Propagation Time Measurement (NDT-C)
5.4 Evaluation of Stiffness Deterioration After Cracking in Each NDT Method
6 Conclusions
References
Thermal and Alkaline Aging of Wood as a Construction Material Measured by Atomic Force Microscopy
1 Introduction
2 Materials and Methods
2.1 Treatment
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 The Effect of Roughness
3.2 The Adhesion Force Distribution of Original Samples
4 Conclusion
References
Leaching and Permeation of Chloride Ions from Seawater and Sea Sand Concrete
1 Introduction
2 Experiments
2.1 Materials
2.2 Experimental Methods
2.3 Simulation Details
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Chloride Leaching for SSC
3.2 Chloride Permeation Between NC and SSC
3.3 Simulation of Chloride Permeation in SSC
4 Conclusions
References
Increasing the Shelf Life of Portland Cement
1 Introduction
2 Experimental
2.1 Production of Treated Cements
2.2 Accelerated Aging
2.3 Mortar Production and Testing
2.4 Clinker Milling
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Cement Particle Size Distribution
3.2 Mortar Fresh Properties
3.3 Mortar Semi-adiabatic Calorimetry
3.4 Mortar Strength
3.5 Clinker Milling
4 Discussion
4.1 Effect of Prehydration on Cement Agglomeration
4.2 Effect of Prehydration on Mortar Calorimetry
4.3 Effect of Prehydration on Mortar Strength
5 Conclusions
References
Corrosion and Its Control in Prestressed Concrete Structures
1 Introduction
2 Pre-tensioned Concrete Systems
2.1 Accelerated Chloride Threshold Test for Highly Resistive Cementitious Systems (hr-ACT Test)
2.2 Chloride Threshold of Prestressing Steel in Various Cementitious Systems
3 Post-tensioned Concrete Systems
3.1 Assessment of Galvanic Corrosion
3.2 Cathodic Protection of Post-tensioned Anchorage Regions
4 Conclusions
References
Raman Imaging of Cementitious Systems
1 Introduction
2 Materials and Methods
2.1 Materials
2.2 Raman Imaging
2.3 Raman Spectroscopy - Touch Raman Ball Probe
2.4 Electron Imaging
2.5 Carbonation
2.6 Statistical Evaluation of Scan Area
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Anhydrous Cement
3.2 Fly Ash
3.3 Waste-to-Energy Ash
3.4 Granite
3.5 Effect of Scan Area of Phase Quantification
3.6 Carbonation
4 Conclusions
References
Valorization of Textile Waste in Laminated Fabric Reinforced Cementitious Matrix Plates: Tensile and Durability Characterization
1 Introduction
2 Sample Preparation and characterization
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Tensile Properties of Unaged Samples
3.2 Tensile Properties of Aged Samples
4 Conclusions and Perspectives
References
Effect of Portland Cement Blending with Calcium Sulfoaluminate Belite Cement and Calcium Sulfate on Carbonation Resistance
1 Introduction
2 Materials
3 Experimental Methods
3.1 Mix Proportioning and Design
3.2 Microstructural Characterisation
3.3 Accelerated Carbonation
4 Results and Discussions
4.1 Accelerated Carbonation
4.2 Microstructural Characterisation Using XRD
5 Conclusion
References
Assessing Passivation and Corrosion of Post-tensioning Strand in Grouts Under Chloride Salt Exposure
1 Introduction
2 Materials and Methods
2.1 Materials
2.2 Pore Solution and Specimen Preparation
2.3 Steel Passivation Characterization
2.4 Electrochemical Corrosion Testing
2.5 Chloride Induced Corrosion Testing
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Passivation Characterization
3.2 Corrossion Test Results
4 Conclusions
References
Capturing Internal Swelling Reactions (ISR) Damage in Concrete Through the Damage Rating Index (DRI)
1 Introduction
2 Materials and Methods
3 Results and Discussion
4 Conclusions
References
Effects on Hydration Reactions by Different Curing Temperatures for Various Types of Cement
1 Introduction
2 Understanding Hydration Reactions
2.1 Outline of Specimen
2.2 Outline of Experiment
2.3 Results and Discussion
3 Determination of Hardened Cement Properties at the Same Bound Water Ratio
3.1 Outline of Experiment
3.2 Results and Discussion
4 Conclusions
References
Enhancing Infrastructure Resilience Through Innovative Materials in Rehabilitation
Cost Implications of Natural Disasters on Road and Bridges Infrastructure in the Philippines
1 Introduction
2 Research Methodology
2.1 Research Data
2.2 Description of Natural Disasters
2.3 Description of the Estimated Cost of Damages
3 Data Analysis
3.1 Kruskal Wallis Test
3.2 Mann-Whitney U Test
4 Results and Discussion
4.1 Characterization by Total Estimated Damage Cost and Number of Damage Events
4.2 Distribution of Estimated Damage Costs by Regions
4.3 Statistical Test of Differences Between Regions
5 Conclusion
References
Optimizing Bridge Rehabilitation: A Life Cycle Assessment and Cost Analysis of Conventional and UHPC Overlays
1 Introduction
2 Methodology and Modeling
3 Case Study
3.1 Goal and Scope
3.2 Life Cycle Assessment
3.3 Life Cycle Costing
4 Results & Discussions
4.1 LCA Comparative Results
4.2 LCC Comparative Results
4.3 LCA-LCC Integration
5 Concluding Remarks
References
Sustainable Pervious Concrete for Urban Environment - Improvements and New Function
1 Introduction
1.1 Urban Heat Island Effect
1.2 Air Pollution
1.3 Soil Sealing
1.4 Flooding
2 Pervious Concrete as a Solution
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Feedbacks and Challenges
3 Experimental Approach
3.1 Freeze-Thaw Performance Improvements
3.2 New Function: Air Quality Improvement
4 Conclusions
References
Modular Design of Industrial Control Room with Steel and Aluminum Foam Materials Under Internal or External Blast Loads
1 Introduction
2 Design Necessity and Details of Modular Industrial Control Room
3 Numerical Study
3.1 Material Constitutive Models and Properties
4 Results and Discussion
5 Conclusions
References
Comparative Analysis of a Base-Isolated LNG Storage Tank Using Friction Pendulum Bearings and U-shaped Dampers
1 Introduction
2 Numerical Analysis for Isolation Devices
2.1 Model Establishment and Validation
2.2 Parametric Analysis
3 Numerical analysis for an LNG Storage Tank
4 Numerical Results and Discussion
4.1 Acceleration
4.2 Hydrodynamic Pressure
4.3 Base Shear
4.4 Displacement of Isolators
5 Conclusions
References
Smart Infrastructure Monitoring Techniques for Predictive Modeling
Statistical Analysis of Asphalt Pavement Distress Occurrence for Project-Level Maintenance Management of Provincial Highways
1 Introduction
2 Methodology
2.1 Research Data
2.2 Distress Data
2.3 Preliminary Analysis of Distress Data
2.4 Distress Prediction Model Using Logistic Regression Classifier
3 Results and Discussions
3.1 Preliminary Analysis Results of Distress Data
3.2 Distress Prediction Models
4 Conclusions
References
Machine Learning-Based Deterioration Modeling of Highway Bridges Considering Climatic Conditions
1 Introduction
2 Literature Review
3 Methodology
3.1 Data Collection and Pre-processing
3.2 Modelling and Evaluation
3.3 Modelling and Evaluation
4 Results and Discussion
5 Conclusions
References
Self-sensing Cementitious Composites for Monitoring Concrete Beams under Bending
1 Introduction
2 Methodology
2.1 Materials
2.2 Stage 1: Self-sensing Cement Composite Fabrication
2.3 Stage 2: Self-sensing Cement Composite Calibration
2.4 Stage 3: Self-sensing Cement Composite Embedding in Concrete Beam
2.5 Stage 4: Testing of Self-sensing Cement Composite Embedded in Concrete Beam
3 Results
3.1 Self-sensing Cement Composite Calibration
3.2 Testing of Self-sensing Cement Composite Embedded in Concrete Beam
3.3 General Discussion
4 Conclusions
References
Comparison of Decision Makers' Perspectives and Data-Driven Factors Affecting Pavement Condition in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
1 Introduction
2 Methodology
2.1 Research Data
2.2 Research Approach
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Questionnaire Survey
3.2 Dataset Analysis
3.3 Comparison of Factors from the Questionnaire Survey and Dataset from the Department
4 Conclusion
References
Carbon Fibre Based Strain and Leakage Sensors for Sustainable TRC Infrastructures
1 Introduction
1.1 Carbon Fibre Based Strain Sensors in Concrete Structures
1.2 Carbon Fibre Based Leakage Sensors in Concrete Structures
2 Materials and Methods
2.1 Materials and Sample Preparation
2.2 Testing
3 Results and Discussions
3.1 Strain Sensing
3.2 Leakage Sensing
4 Conclusions
References
Real-Time Monitoring of Concrete Properties Using an Embedded Smart Piezoelectric Sensor with Active and Passive Sensing Abilities
1 Introduction
2 Development of Sensor
2.1 Electrical Impedance Measurements
2.2 Vibration Measurement
2.3 Wave Propagation Measurements
2.4 Acoustic Emission Monitoring
3 Results and Discussion
4 Conclusions
References
Structural Digital Twin of Concrete Infrastructure Powered with Physics-Informed Neural Networks
1 Introduction
1.1 What is a Structural Digital Twin (SDT)
1.2 Components of an SDT Solution
2 Autonomous Data Collection and Interpretation
3 Advanced Structural Simulation
3.1 Methods of Automated Model Updating
3.2 Physics-Informed Neural Network Formulation
4 PINN Implementation
4.1 Model Development
4.2 Results and Discussion
5 Conclusions
References
Simulation-Based Transfer Learning for Concrete Strength Prediction
1 Introduction
2 Methodology
2.1 Dataset
2.2 Physics-Based Model
2.3 Proposed Simulation-Based Transfer Learning Framework
2.4 Evaluation Setup
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Accuracy Comparison
3.2 Accelerated Model Convergence
3.3 Small Sample Learning with Improved Generalizability
4 Conclusions
References
Use of Non-destructive Assessment Methods to Evaluate Condition of Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Concrete Pavement
1 Introduction
2 Description of the Study Area
3 Non-destructive Evaluation Methods
3.1 Visual Monitoring and Thermal Images of Pavements
3.2 Ground Penetrating Radar Measurements
3.3 Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity Measurements
3.4 Schmidt Hammer Measurements
3.5 Electrical Resistivity Measurements
4 Results and Discussion
4.1 Visual Monitoring and Thermal Images of Pavements
4.2 Ground Penetrating Radar
4.3 Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity
4.4 Schmidt Hammer
4.5 Electrical Resistivity
5 Conclusions
References
Rebar Corrosion Monitoring in Concrete Using Piezoelectric Cement Sensors
1 Introduction
2 Materials and Experimental Setup
2.1 Piezoelectric Cement Sensing Element
2.2 Sensor Packaging
2.3 RC Specimen for Rebar Corrosion Monitoring
2.4 Accelerated Corrosion Test and Weight Loss
2.5 Methodology of EMI Technique
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Appearance of Specimens Subjected to Accelerated Corrosion
3.2 Effective Frequency for Rebar Corrosion Monitoring
3.3 Conductance RMSD and Rebar Corrosion
3.4 Determination of Weight Loss of Rebar Corrosion
4 Conclusions
References
Isafeguard: A Proactive Solution for Construction Job Site Safety Monitoring
1 Introduction
2 Research Method
3 Isafeguard (Monitoring/Inspection)
4 Unsafe Detector Development
4.1 Risk Definition and Classification
4.2 AI Model Selection and Techniques
5 Applications of the Detectors
5.1 Prevention from Falls from Height When Using External, Mobile and Horse Scaffolding
5.2 Prevention from Falls from Height When Using A-type Ladder
5.3 Accident Prevention While Using Forklift
5.4 Fire Prevention While Welding and Using Circular Saw
5.5 Monitoring Safe Access to the Jobsite Using Protection Cages
5.6 Monitoring the Safe Storage of Dangerous Materials
6 Conclusion
References
Corrosion Level Prediction with Acoustic Emission Sensing and Crack Measurements
1 Introduction
2 Experimental Data
2.1 Corroded Specimens
2.2 Acoustic Emission Sensing
2.3 Crack Measurements
3 Relative Corrosion Level
3.1 AE Localisation Algorithm
3.2 Influencing Factors
3.3 Results and Discussion
4 Absolute Corrosion Level
4.1 Methodology
4.2 Results and Discussion
5 Conclusions
References
Imputed Data Driven Prediction of Concrete Autogenous Shrinkage Based on Machine Learning Algorithms
1 Introduction
2 Data and Methodology
2.1 Structured Data Sets
2.2 Data Imputation Methods
2.3 ML Methods
2.4 ACI Model
3 Results and Discussions
4 Conclusions
References
Author Index

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