The 10 Principles of Food Industry Sustainability

Acknowledgments ix

1 Introduction to the Principles 1

1.1 The 10 principles of food industry sustainability 1

1.2 Principles-practices-potential 2

1.3 What is sustainability in the food industry? 2

1.4 The destructive course of the food system 3

1.4.1 Climate change 4

1.4.2 Natural resource depletion and degradation 6

1.4.3 Pollution and toxicity 7

1.4.4 Rural economy and development 7

1.4.5 Food safety and nutrition 8

1.5 Reasons for principles for sustainability in the food industry 8

1.6 The business benefit 10

1.7 What needs to be done 11

References 13

2 Agriculture and the Environment 15

2.1 Climate 15

2.2 Land and biodiversity 17

2.3 Water and pollution 20

2.4 Approaches to more sustainable agriculture 22

2.4.1 Sustainable agriculture requirements and standards 24

2.4.2 Unilever sustainable agriculture program 27

2.4.3 Starbucks C.A.F.E practices 29

2.4.4 Walmart sustainability index 29

2.4.5 PepsiCo sustainable farming initiative 30

2.4.6 Sysco Corporation's sustainable agriculture/IPM initiative 30

2.5 Summary 31

Resources 31

References 32

3 Welfare and Environmental Considerations in Production and Harvesting of Animals, Fish, and Seafood 37

3.1 Livestock care 37

3.1.1 Approaches to address livestock welfare 40

3.2 Fish and seafood 45

3.2.1 Farmed fish 47

3.2.2 Approaches to address seafood 48

3.3 Environmental impacts from livestock production 50

3.3.1 Greenhouse gas emissions 50

3.3.2 Land use and pollution from livestock production 53

3.3.3 Approaches to address environmental impacts from livestock 54

3.4 Summary 59

Resources 60

References 60

4 Processing 65

4.1 Energy 65

4.1.1 Energy sources and impacts 65

4.1.2 Energy use in food processing 69

4.1.3 Sierra Nevada's energy and climate program 72

4.1.4 Heinz's energy effort in energy and greenhouse gas emissions 73

4.2 Water 74

4.2.1 Nestlé 77

4.2.2 The Coca-Cola Company water stewardship 78

4.3 Chemicals and other inputs 80

4.4 Lean, clean, and green processing 81

4.5 Summary 85

Resources 86

References 86

5 Packaging 91

5.1 Packaging hotspots 91

5.1.1 Materials 91

5.1.2 End of life 98

5.1.3 Social hotspots 99

5.2 Responsible packaging 99

5.2.1 Materials and sourcing 102

5.2.2 Design and innovation 105

5.2.3 End of life 107

5.2.4 PepsiCo's sustainable packaging program 110

5.2.5 Sustainable Packaging Coalition 111

5.3 Summary 112

Resources 113

References 113

6 Distribution and Channels 117

6.1 Transportation 117

6.1.1 Refrigeration in transportation 122

6.1.2 EPA SmartWay 123

6.2 Facility management 123

6.2.1 Refrigerants 129

6.2.2 Cleaning and indoor environmental quality management 130

6.2.3 Environmentally preferable purchasing 131

6.2.4 Construction 132

6.3 Gordon Food Service distribution and facilities improvements 134

6.4 Food retailer J. Sainsbury addressing the environment 135

6.5 Subway restaurants showing how to green operations 137

6.6 Summary 139

Resources 140

References 140

7 Food Waste 143

7.1 The impacts from wastage 143

7.2 Reducing wastage 145

7.2.1 Waste management 150

7.3 Summary 161

Resources 162

References 162

8 Nutrition, Security, and Equity 165

8.1 Nutrition 166

8.1.1 Food safety 166

8.1.2 Overnutrition and obesity 169

8.1.3 Food security 171

8.2 Equity 173

8.2.1 Smallholders 174

8.2.2 Women empowerment 175

8.2.3 Farm labor 177

8.2.4 Local food 180

8.3 Summary 183

Resources 185

References 185

9 Sustainable Food Consumption and the Potential of the Principles 189

9.1 Sustainable consumption 189

9.1.1 Sustainable diets and behaviors 190

9.1.2 Double pyramid 192

9.1.3 Innocent promotes sustainable consumption 193

9.2 The potential of the principles 194

References 200

Index 203