Polymer Processing

Name: Polymer Processing | Principles and Design
Brand: Wiley
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Principles and Design

Donald G. Baird Dimitris I. Collias(Autor*in)

Wiley (Verlag)

2. Auflage

Erschienen am 3. März 2014

416 Seiten

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978-1-118-35471-1 (ISBN)

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Inhalt

Intro
Polymer Processing
Contents
Preface
Preface to the First Edition
Acknowledgments
1 Importance of Process Design
1.1 Classification of Polymer Processes
1.2 Film Blowing: Case Study
1.3 Basics of Polymer Process Design
References
2 Isothermal Flow of Purely Viscous Non-Newtonian Fluids
DESIGN PROBLEM I DESIGN OF A BLOW MOLDING DIE
2.1 Viscous Behavior of Polymer Melts
2.2 One-Dimensional Isothermal Flows
2.2.1 Flow Through an Annular Die
2.2.2 Flow in a Wire Coating Die
2.3 Equations of Change for Isothermal Systems
2.4 Useful Approximations
2.5 Solution to Design Problem I
2.5.1 Lubrication Approximation Solution
2.5.2 Computer Solution
Problems
References
3 Viscoelastic Response of Polymeric Fluids and Fiber Suspensions
DESIGN PROBLEM II DESIGN OF A PARISON DIE FOR A VISCOELASTIC FLUID
3.1 Material Functions for Viscoelastic Fluids
3.1.1 Kinematics
3.1.2 Stress Tensor Components
3.1.3 Material Functions for Shear Flow
3.1.4 Shear-Free Flow Material Functions
3.2 Nonlinear Constitutive Equations
3.2.1 Description of Several Models
3.2.2 Fiber Suspensions
3.3 Rheometry
3.3.1 Shear Flow Measurements
3.3.2 Shear-Free Flow Measurements
3.4 Useful Relations for Material Functions
3.4.1 Effect of Molecular Weight
3.4.2 Relations Between Linear Viscoelastic Properties and Viscometric Functions
3.4.3 Branching
3.5 Rheological Measurements and Polymer Processability
3.6 Solution to Design Problem II
Problems
References
4 Diffusion and Mass Transfer
DESIGN PROBLEM III DESIGN OF A DRY-SPINNING SYSTEM
4.1 Mass Transfer Fundamentals
4.1.1 Definitions of Concentrations and Velocities
4.1.2 Fluxes and Their Relationships
4.1.3 Ficks First Law of Diffusion
4.1.4 Microscopic Material Balance
4.1.5 Similarity with Heat Transfer: Simple Applications
4.2 Diffusivity, Solubility, and Permeability in Polymer Systems
4.2.1 Diffusivity and Solubility of Simple Gases
4.2.2 Permeability of Simple Gases and Permachor
4.2.3 Moisture Sorption and Diffusion
4.2.4 Permeation of Higher-Activity Permeants
4.2.5 Polymer-Polymer Diffusion
4.2.6 Measurement Techniques and Their Mathematics
4.3 Non-Fickian Transport
4.4 Mass Transfer Coefficients
4.4.1 Definitions
4.4.2 Analogies Between Heat and Mass Transfer
4.5 Solution to Design Problem III
Problems
References
5 Nonisothermal Aspects of Polymer Processing
DESIGN PROBLEM IV CASTING OF POLYPROPYLENE FILM
5.1 Temperature Effects on Rheological Properties
5.2 The Energy Equation
5.2.1 Shell Energy Balances
5.2.2 Equation of Thermal Energy
5.3 Thermal Transport Properties
5.3.1 Homogeneous Polymer Systems
5.3.2 Thermal Properties of Composite Systems
5.4 Heating and Cooling of Nondeforming Polymeric Materials
5.4.1 Transient Heat Conduction in Nondeforming Systems
5.4.2 Heat Transfer Coefficients
5.4.3 Radiation Heat Transfer
5.5 Crystallization, Morphology, andOrientation
5.5.1 Crystallization in the Quiescent State
5.5.2 Other Factors Affecting Crystallization
5.5.3 Polymer Molecular Orientation
5.6 Solution to Design Problem IV
PROBLEMS
References
6 Mixing
DESIGN PROBLEM V DESIGN OF A MULTILAYERED EXTRUSION DIE
6.1 Description of Mixing
6.2 Characterization of the State of Mixture
6.2.1 Statistical Description of Mixing
6.2.2 Scale and Intensity of Segregation
6.2.3 Mixing Measurement Techniques
6.3 Striation Thickness and Laminar Mixing
6.3.1 Striation Thickness Reduction from Geometrical Arguments
6.3.2 Striation Thickness Reduction from Kinematical Arguments
6.3.3 Laminar Mixing in Simple Geometries
6.4 Residence Time and Strain Distributions
6.4.1 Residence Time Distribution
6.4.2 Strain Distribution
6.5 Dispersive Mixing
6.5.1 Dispersion of Agglomerates
6.5.2 Liquid-Liquid Dispersion
6.6 Thermodynamics of Mixing
6.7 Chaotic Mixing
6.8 Solution to Design Problem V
Problems
References
7 Extrusion Dies
DESIGN PROBLEM VI COEXTRUSION BLOW MOLDING DIE
7.1 Extrudate Nonuniformities
7.2 Viscoelastic Phenomena
7.2.1 Flow Behavior in Contractions
7.2.2 Extrusion Instabilities
7.2.3 Die Swell
7.3 Sheet and Film Dies
7.4 Annular Dies
7.4.1 Center-Fed Annular Dies
7.4.2 Side-Fed and Spiral Mandrel Dies
7.4.3 Wire Coating Dies
7.5 Profile Extrusion Dies
7.6 Multiple Layer Extrusion
7.6.1 General Considerations
7.6.2 Design Equations
7.6.3 Flow Instabilities in Multiple Layer Flow
7.7 Solution to Design Problem VI
Problems
References
8 Extruders
DESIGN PROBLEM VII DESIGN OF A DEVOLATILIZATION SECTION FOR A SINGLE-SCREW EXTRUDER
8.1 Description of Extruders
8.1.1 Single-Screw Extruders
8.1.2 Twin-Screw Extruders
8.2 Hopper Design
8.3 Plasticating Single-Screw Extruders
8.3.1 Solids Transport
8.3.2 Delay and Melting Zones
8.3.3 Metering Section
8.4 Twin-Screw Extruders
8.4.1 Self-wiping Corotating Twin-Screw Extruders
8.4.2 Intermeshing Counterrotating Extruders
8.5 Mixing, Devolatilization, and Reactions in Extruders
8.5.1 Mixing
8.5.2 Devolatilization in Extruders
8.5.3 Reactive Extrusion
8.6 Solution to Design Problem VII
8.6.1 Dimensional Analysis
8.6.2 Diffusion Theory
Problems
References
9 Postdie Processing
DESIGN PROBLEM VIII DESIGN OF A FILM BLOWING PROCESS FOR GARBAGE BAGS
9.1 Fiber Spinning
9.1.1 Isothermal Newtonian Model
9.1.2 Nonisothermal Newtonian Model
9.1.3 Isothermal Viscoelastic Model
9.1.4 High-Speed Spinning and Structure Formation
9.1.5 Instabilities in Fiber Spinning
9.2 Film Casting and Stretching
9.2.1 Film Casting
9.2.2 Stability of Film Casting
9.2.3 Film Stretching and Properties
9.3 Film Blowing
9.3.1 Isothermal Newtonian Model
9.3.2 Nonisothermal Newtonian Model
9.3.3 Nonisothermal Non-Newtonian Model
9.3.4 Biaxial Stretching and Mechanical Properties
9.3.5 Stability of Film Blowing
9.3.6 Scaleup
9.4 Solution to Design Problem VIII
Problems
References
10 Molding and Forming
DESIGN PROBLEM IX DESIGN OF A COMPRESSION MOLDING PROCESS
10.1 Injection Molding
10.1.1 General Aspects of Injection Molding
10.1.2 Simulation of Injection Molding
10.1.3 Microinjection Molding
10.2 Compression Molding
10.2.1 General Aspects of Compression Molding
10.2.2 Simulation of Compression Molding
10.3 Thermoforming
10.3.1 General Aspects of Thermoforming
10.3.2 Modeling of Thermoforming
10.4 Blow Molding
10.4.1 Technological Aspects of Blow Molding
10.4.2 Simulation of Blow Molding
10.5 Solution to Design Problem IX
Problems
References
11 Process Engineering for Recycled and Renewable Polymers
11.1 Life-Cycle Assessment
11.2 Primary Recycling
11.3 Mechanical or Secondary Recycling
11.3.1 Rheology of Mixed Systems
11.3.2 Filtration
11.4 Tertiary or Feedstock Recycling
11.5 Renewable Polymers and Their Processability
11.5.1 Thermal Stability and Processing of Renewable Polymers
Problems
References
Nomenclature
Appendix A Rheological Data for Several Polymer Melts
A.1 LDPE Data
A.2 HDPE DATA
A.3 LLDPE DATA
A.4 Nylon 6,6 Data
A.5 PPS DATA
Appendix B Physical Properties and Friction Coefficients for Some Common Polymers in the Bulk State
Appendix C Thermal Properties of Materials
Appendix D Conversion Table
Index

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