This book presents a set of basic understandings of the behavior and response of solids to propagating shock waves. The propagation of shock waves in a solid body is accompanied by large compressions, decompression, and shear. Thus, the shear strength of solids and any inelastic response due to shock wave propagation is of the utmost importance. Furthermore, shock compres sion of solids is always accompanied by heating, and the rise of local tempera ture which may be due to both compression and dissipation. For many solids, under a certain range of impact pressures, a two-wave structure arises such that the first wave, called the elastic prescursor, travels with the speed of sound; and the second wave, called a plastic shock wave, travels at a slower speed. Shock-wave loading of solids is normally accomplished by either projectile impact, such as produced by guns or by explosives. The shock heating and compression of solids covers a wide range of temperatures and densities. For example, the temperature may be as high as a few electron volts (1 eV = 11,500 K) for very strong shocks and the densification may be as high as four times the normal density.
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Dateigröße
ISBN-13
978-1-4612-0911-9 (9781461209119)
DOI
10.1007/978-1-4612-0911-9
Schweitzer Klassifikation
1 Introduction to High-Pressure Shock Compression of Solids.- 1.1. Shock-Compression Science.- 1.2. Shock-Compression Events.- 1.3. Responses of Shock-Compressed Solids.- 1.4. Reviews.- 1.5. References.- 2 Basic Principles of Shock Compression.- 2.1. Shock-Wave Concept.- 2.2. Conservation Equations.- 2.3. The "Beads on a Wire" Model.- 2.4. Thermodynamic Effects of Shock Compression and the Hugoniot Curve.- 2.5. Hugoniot Differential Equation.- 2.6. Graphical Representations and the Rayleigh Line.- 2.7. Shock Stability.- 2.8. Expansion Waves.- 2.9. x-t Diagrams.- 2.10. Eulerian and Lagrangian Coordinates.- 2.11. Flow Equations in One Dimension.- 2.12. P-u Diagrams.- 2.13. Surface-Surface Interactions.- 2.14. Wave-Surface Interactions.- 2.15. Wave-Wave Interactions.- 2.16. Entropic Effects.- 2.17. Riemann Integral.- 2.18. Summary.- 2.19. Acknowledgments.- 2.20. Problems.- 2.21. Glossary.- 2.22. References.- 3 Experimental and Diagnostic Techniques.- 3.1. Introduction.- 3.2. Experimental-Production of Planar Shock Compression.- 3.3. Explosives.- 3.4. Guns.- 3.5. Energy Deposition.- 3.6. Prompt Shock-Wave Diagnostics.- 3.7. Arrival-Time Gauges.- 3.8. Particle Velocity Gauges.- 3.9. Stress Gauges.- 3.10. Temperature Gauges.- 3.11. Delayed Shock-Wave Diagnostics.- 3.12. Optical Photography.- 3.13. Flash X-Ray Photography.- 3.14. Post-Mortem Examinations.- 3.15. Summary.- 3.16. Problems.- 3.17. References.- 4 Equation of State.- 4.1. Introduction.- 4.2. Shock-Wave Equations of State.- 4.3. Finite-Strain Equations of State.- 4.4. Pressure-Particle Velocity Curves.- 4.5. Shock-Induced Dynamic Yielding and Phase Transitions.- 4.6. Dynamic Yielding.- 4.7. Equation of State of Porous Materials.- 4.8. Sound Speed Behind Shock Fronts.- 4.9. Shock Temperatures.- 4.10.Acknowledgments.- 4.11. Problems.- 4.12. References.- 5 Inelastic Constitutive Relations.- List of Symbols.- 5.1. Introduction.- 5.2. Small Deformation Theory.- 5.3. Classical Plasticity.- 5.4. Large Deformation Theory.- 5.5. Acknowledgments.- 5.6. References.- 5.7. Appendix: Kinematics.- 6 Influence of Shock-Wave Deformation on the Structure/Property Behavior of Materials.- 6.1. Introduction.- 6.2. Influence of Shock-Wave Propagation on Materials.- 6.3. Shock-Recovery Techniques.- 6.4. Shock Parameter Effects on Material Response.- 6.5. Summary.- 6.6. References.- 7 Micromechanical Considerations in Shock Compression of Solids.- 7.1. Introduction.- 7.2. Microscale, Mesoscale, and Macroscale.- 7.3. Micromechanical Plasticity in Shock Compression.- 7.4. Shock-Amplitude/Pulse-Duration Hardening.- 7.5. Internal Stresses: Micromechanical Effects upon Release from the Shocked State.- 7.6. Heterogeneous Micromechanics.- 7.7. Other Micromechanics.- 7.8. Summary.- 7.9. Problems.- 7.10. References.- 7.11. Appendix: The Shock-Change Equation.- 8 Dynamic Fracture and Fragmentation.- 8.1. Introduction.- 8.2. Spall Strength of Condensed Matter.- 8.3. Fragment Size Predictions in Dynamic Fragmentation.- 8.4. Fragment Size Distributions in Dynamic Fragmentation.- 8.5. Continuum Modeling of Dynamic Fracture and Fragmentation.- 8.6. References.- 9 Large Deformation Wave Codes.- 9.1. Introduction.- 9.2. Governing Equations.- 9.3. Spatial Meshes.- 9.4. Temporal Mesh.- 9.5. Discrete Forms of Governing Equations.- 9.6. Lagrangian Codes.- 9.7. Eulerian Codes.- 9.8. Arbitrary-Lagrangian-Eulerian (ALE) Codes.- 9.9. Example Problems.- 9.10. Summary.- 9.11. References.- 10 Concluding Remarks.- Appendix A.- Appendix B.- Appendix C.- Author Index.
