Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality

Name: Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality | Myths and Realities
Brand: Wiley-Scrivener
Price: 144.99 EUR
Availability: OnlineOnly

Myths and Realities

Bruno Arnaldi Pascal Guitton Guillaume Moreau(Herausgeber*in)

Wiley-Scrivener (Verlag)

1. Auflage

Erschienen am 15. März 2018

384 Seiten

E-Book

ePUB mit Adobe-DRM

Systemvoraussetzungen

978-1-119-34109-3 (ISBN)

144,99 €inkl. 7% MwSt.

Systemvoraussetzungen

für ePUB mit Adobe-DRM

E-Book Einzellizenz

Als Download verfügbar

Beschreibung

Weitere Details

Weitere Ausgaben

Inhalt

Cover
Half-Title Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
Preface
Introduction
1. New Applications
1.1. New industrial applications
1.1.1. Virtual reality in industry
1.1.2. Augmented reality and industrial applications
1.1.3. VR-AR for industrial renewal
1.1.4. And what about augmented reality?
1.2. Computer-assisted surgery
1.2.1. Introduction
1.2.2. Virtual reality and simulation for learning
1.2.3. Augmented reality and intervention planning
1.2.4. Augmented reality in surgery
1.2.5. Current conditions and future prospects
1.3. Sustainable cities
1.3.1. Mobility aids in an urban environment
1.3.2. Building and architecture
1.3.3. Cities and urbanism
1.3.4. Towards sustainable urban systems
1.4. Innovative, integrative and adaptive societies
1.4.1. Education
1.4.2. Arts and cultural heritage
1.4.3. Conclusion
1.5. Bibliography
2. The Democratization of VR-AR
2.1. New equipment
2.1.1. Introduction
2.1.2. Positioning and orientation devices
2.1.3. Restitution devices
2.1.4. Technological challenges and perspectives
2.1.5. Conclusions on new equipment
2.2. New software
2.2.1. Introduction
2.2.2. Developing 3D applications
2.2.3. Managing peripheral devices
2.2.4. Dedicated VR-AR software solutions
2.2.5. Conclusion
2.3. Bibliography
3. Complexity and Scientific Challenges
3.1. Introduction: complexity
3.1.1. Physical model and detecting collisions
3.1.2. Populating 3D environments: single virtual human to a surging crowd
3.1.3. The difficulty of making 3D interaction natural
3.1.4. The difficulty of synthesizing haptic feedback
3.2. The real-virtual relationship in augmented reality
3.2.1. Acquisition and restitution equipment
3.2.2. Pose computation
3.2.3. Realistic rendering
3.3. Complexity and scientific challenges of 3D interaction
3.3.1. Introduction
3.3.2. Complexity and challenges surrounding the 3D interaction loop
3.3.3. Challenge 1: sensory-motor actions for interaction
3.3.4. Challenge 2: multisensory feedback
3.3.5. Challenge 3: users and perception
3.3.6. Conclusion
3.4. Visual perception
3.4.1. A glossary of terms related to unease, fatigue and physical discomfort
3.4.2. Display factors
3.4.3. Conclusion
3.5. Evaluation
3.5.1. Objectives and scope of this section
3.5.2. Evaluation: a complex problem
3.5.3. Evaluation using studies with human subjects
3.5.4. Drawbacks to overcome
3.5.5. Evolutions in measuring performance and behavior, characterizing participants
3.5.6. Conclusion and perspectives
3.6. Bibliography
4. Towards VE that are More Closely Related to the Real World
4.1. "Tough" scientific challenges for AR
4.1.1. Choosing a display device
4.1.2. Spatial localization
4.2. Topics in AR that are rarely or never approached
4.2.1. Introduction
4.2.2. Hybridization through a screen or HMD
4.3. Spatial augmented reality
4.3.1. Hybridization of the real world and the virtual world
4.3.2. Current evolutions
4.4. Presence in augmented reality
4.4.1. Is presence in reality the model for presence in virtual environments?
4.4.2. Mixed reality: an end to the real versus virtual binary?
4.4.3. From mixed reality to mixed presence
4.4.4. Augmented reality: a total environment
4.5. 3D interaction on tactile surfaces
4.5.1. 3D interaction
4.5.2. 3D interaction on tactile surfaces
4.6. Bibliography
5. Scientific and Technical Prospects
5.1. The promised revolution in the field of entertainment
5.1.1. Introduction
5.1.2. Defining a new, polymorphic immersive medium
5.1.3. Promised experiences
5.1.4. Prospects
5.2. Brain-computer interfaces
5.2.1. Brain-computer interfaces: introduction and definitions
5.2.2. What BCIs cannot do
5.2.3. Working principle of BCIs
5.2.4. Current applications of BCIs
5.2.5. The future of BCIs
5.3. Alternative perceptions in virtual reality
5.3.1. Introduction
5.3.2. Pseudo-sensory feedback
5.3.3. Alternative perception of movement
5.3.4. Altered perception of one's body
5.3.5. Conclusion
5.4. Bibliography
6. The Challenges and Risks of Democratization of VR-AR
6.1. Introduction
6.2. Health and comfort problems
6.2.1. The different problems
6.2.2. Sensorimotor incoherences
6.3. Solutions to avoid discomfort and unease
6.3.1. Presentation of the process
6.3.2. Mitigation of the impact on visuo-vestibular incoherence
6.3.3. Removing visuo-vestibular incoherence by modifying the functioning of the interaction paradigm
6.3.4. Removing visuo-vestibular incoherence by modifying interfaces
6.3.5. Levels of difficulty in adapting
6.4. Conclusion
6.5. Bibliography
Conclusion: Where Will VR-AR be in 10 Years?
Postface
Glossary
List of Authors
Index
Other titles from iSTE in Computer Engineering
EULA

Introduction

It can have escaped no one that 2016 and 2017 often features in the media as "The Time" for virtual reality and augmented reality. It is no less obvious that in the field of technology, many and regular breakthroughs are announced, each more impressive than the last. In the face of this media clamor, it is useful to step back and take a pragmatic look at some historical facts and information:

- The first of these is the fact (however difficult to accept) that virtual reality and augmented reality date back several decades and that there is a large international community working on these subjects. This work is being carried out both at the scientific level (research teams, discoveries, conferences, publication) and at the industrial level (companies, products, large-scale production). It is also useful to remember that many companies, technological or not, have been successfully using virtual reality and augmented reality technologies for many years now.
- Many of these technological announcements talk about the design of "new" virtual reality headsets (e.g. HTC Vive, Oculus Rift) and augmented reality headsets (e.g. HoloLens). But the fact is that the invention of the first "visioheadset"1 dates back to almost 50 years, to Ivan Sutherland's seminal work [SUT 68].
- Let us also note that these "visioheadsets" only represent a small part of the equipment used in virtual reality, whether for display (with projection systems, for example), motion-capture or interaction.
- The concept and applications of virtual reality are described in the series Le traité de la réalité virtuelle (The Virtual Reality Treatise), an encyclopedic volume produced collectively by many French authors (both academics and voices from the industry), the breadth and scope of which remains unmatched even today. The different editions of this are:
- - the first edition in 2001 (Presses de l'Ecole des Mines), written by Philippe Fuchs, Guillaume Moreau and Jean-Paul Papin with 530 pages;
- - the second edition in 2003 (Presses de l'Ecole des Mines), edited by Philippe Fuchs and Guillaume Moreau with help from 18 contributors, running to 930 pages in 2 volumes;
- - the third edition in 2005 (Presses de l'Ecole des Mines), edited by Philippe Fuchs and Guillaume Moreau, with over 100 contributors, running to 2,200 pages in 5 volumes;
- - an English version "Virtual Reality: Concepts and Technologies", in 2011 (CRC Press), edited by Philippe Fuchs, Guillaume Moreau and Pascal Guitton with 432 pages.
- Finally, we must mention the creation of the "Association Française de Réalité Virtuelle" (AFRV) or the French Virtual Reality Association, established in 2005. The association has made it possible to structure the community better by bringing together teachers and researchers from universities and research institutions as well as engineers working within companies. From 2005 onward, the AFRV has been organizing an annual conference that sees presentations, activities and exchanges among participants.

As can be seen from this overview, there are already several communities at the international level as well as a wealth of literature on the subject and anyone who wishes to establish a scientific and/or technological culture will benefit from referring to publications such as [FUC 16] (in French) or [LAV 17, SCH 16], to mention a few.

I.1. The origins of virtual reality

When we talk about historic references relating to virtual reality, we may commence by discussing Plato's Allegory of the Cave [PLA 07]. In Book VII of Plato's Republic, there is a detailed description of the experiences of several men chained in a cave, who can only perceive shadows (thrown against the walls of the cave) of what happens in the outside world. The notion of reality and perception through what is and what is perceived becomes the subject of analysis, in particular concerning the passage from one world to another.

A few centuries later, in 1420, the Italian engineer Giovani Fontana wrote a book, Bellicorum instrumentorum liber [FON 20], in which he describes a magic lantern capable of projecting images onto the walls of a room (see Figure I.1(a)). He proposed that this could be used to project the images of fantastic creatures. This mechanism brings to mind the large immersion system (CAVE) developed a few centuries later by Carolina Cruz-Neira et al. [CRU 92] at the University of Illinois.

Figure I.1. a) Diagram of Giovani Fontana's magic lantern, b) using the magic lantern. For a color version of this figure, see www.iste.co.uk/arnaldi/virtual.zip

In books that recount the history of VR, we often come across the (legitimate) controversy around the first appearance of the term "virtual reality". Some authors attribute it to Jaron Lanier, during a press conference in 1985, while others attribute it to Antonin Artaud, in his 1983 essay, Le théâtre et son double (published in English as "The Theatre and its Double") [ART 09].

Artaud was unarguably the inventor of this term, which he used in his collection of essays on Theatre and, more specifically, in the chapter titled Le théâtre alchimique ("The Alchemical Theatre"). It must be noted that in this volume, Artaud talks at length about reality and virtuality (these words being frequently used in the text). The precise citation where the term "virtual reality" appears is on page 75 of the 1985 edition, collection Folio/essais de Gallimard:

"All true alchemists know that the alchemical symbol is a mirage as the theater is a mirage. And this perpetual allusion to the materials and the principle of the theater found in almost all alchemical books should be understood as the expression of an identity (of which alchemists are extremely aware) existing between the world in which the characters, objects, images and in a general way all that constitutes the virtual reality of the theater develop and the purely fictitious and illusory world in which the symbols of alchemy are evolved".

Furthermore, a few pages earlier, he speaks about Plato's Allegory of the Cave.

However, it is clear that Jaron Lanier was the first person to use this term in the sense that it is used in this book, when he used the English term virtual reality. It is also useful to remember that there is a subtle difference between the English term virtual and the French word virtuel (see Chapter 1, Volume 1 of the Virtual Reality Treatise, edition 3). In English, the word means "acting as" or "almost a particular thing or quality". However, in French, the word indicates "potential", what is "possible" and what "does not come to pass". Linguistically speaking, the more appropriate French term would have been "réalité vicariante" - a reality that substitutes or replaces another.

Science-fiction writers, especially those writing in the "speculative fiction" genre (a genre which, as its name indicates, consists of imagining what our world could be like in the future) have also written books that integrate and/or imagine the VR-AR technologies we will discuss in this volume. The list of such books is quite long, and the four books presented here have been chosen simply for the impact they had. In chronological order, these are:

- Vernor Vinge, in his 1981 novella True Names, introduced a cyberspace (without explicitly naming it thus), where a group of computer pirates use virtual reality immersion technology to fight against the government. He is also the creator of the concept of "singularity": that point in time when machines will be more intelligent than human beings;
- William Gibson, in his 1984 novel Neuromancer, described a world of networks where virtual reality consoles allow a user to live out experiences in virtual worlds. Gibson "invented" the term cyberspace, which he described as "a consensual hallucination experienced daily by billions of legitimate operators". This concept of cyperspace spans different worlds: the digital world, the cybernetic world and the space in which we evolve;
- Neal Stephenson, in his 1992 novel Snow Crash, introduced the concept of the metaverse (a virtual, thus fictional, world in which a community, represented by avatars, is evolving); a universe like the one in the online virtual world Second Life;
- Ernest Cline, in his 2011 novel Ready Player One, offerred us a world where humanity lives in an enormous virtual social network to escape the slums in real life. This network also contains the key to riches, leading to a new kind of quest for the holy grail.

Literature is not the only field in which early references to virtual reality set up links between the real and the virtual. For example, we must mention the pioneering work of Morton Leonard Heilig in the world of cinema. Following a project he had worked on since the 1950s, he patented the Sensorama system in 1962. This system allowed users to virtually navigate an urban setting on a motorbike, in an immersive experience based on stereoscopic visualization, the sounds of the motorbike and by reproducing the vibration of the engine and the sensation of wind...

Systemvoraussetzungen

Als PDF speichern Als Link merken