Gregory's Pediatric Anesthesia

Name: Gregory's Pediatric Anesthesia
Brand: Wiley-Blackwell
Price: 284.99 EUR
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Dean B. Andropoulos George A. Gregory(Herausgeber*in)

Wiley-Blackwell (Verlag)

6. Auflage

Erschienen am 26. März 2020

1328 Seiten

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978-1-119-37151-9 (ISBN)

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Inhalt

Intro
Table of Contents
List of Contributors
Preface
List of Abbreviations
CHAPTER 1: Ethics and Professionalism in Pediatric Anesthesia
Introduction
The informed consent process for children
Forgoing potentially life-sustaining treatment
Special circumstances in pediatric anesthesia
Professionalism in pediatric anesthesia
Annotated references
CHAPTER 2: History of Pediatric Anesthesia
Introduction
The beginning of anesthesia as a specialty and the first drugs used, 1842-1921
Early regional anesthesia in children, 1909-1933
Delivery systems and anesthetic machines, 1916-1937
New drugs in the 1930s, 1940s, and 1950s
Neonatal anatomical and physiological factors in relation to anesthesia and monitoring
Early anesthesiologists interested in children: pediatric anesthesia emerges into the specialist era, 1920s to 1950s
The specialty of pediatric anesthesia develops further, 1950s to 1970s
The beginning of intensive care
Unraveling mysteries and challenges: malignant hyperthermia, massive hyperkalemia, and anaphylaxis
Newer drugs in the development period (1950s to 1970s)
Adjuncts which were useful in difficult procedures
Pain management
Outpatient anesthesia and non-operating room anesthesia
Pediatric anesthesia societies and meetings
Pediatric Anesthesia journal
Training in pediatric anesthesiology
Conclusion
Annotated references
CHAPTER 3: Education in Pediatric Anesthesiology: Practice in the Present with the Future in Mind
Introduction
Why pediatric anesthesiology education? The needs assessment
The "How" of pediatric anesthesiology education: theory and strategy
The "What:" pediatric anesthesiology education in practice
Conclusion
Annotated references
CHAPTER 4: An Introduction to the Ethical Design, Conduct, and Analysis of Pediatric Clinical Trials
Introduction
What is a clinical trial?
Getting started
Ethical aspects of clinical trials
Operational planning and trial execution
Other clinical research study designs
Levels of evidence for clinical research studies
Conclusion
Annotated references
CHAPTER 5: Development of the Cardiovascular System
Introduction
Development of the cardiovascular system
Cardiac stem cell therapy and heart regeneration
Conclusion
Acknowledgment
Annotated references
Further reading
CHAPTER 6: Developmental Physiology of the Cardiovascular System
Introduction
Development from fetus to neonate
Development from neonate to older infant and child
Development from child to adult
Normal values for physiological variables by age
Myocardial sequelae of long-standing congenital heart disease
Cardiomyocyte receptor function in normal and diseased hearts
Regulation of vascular tone in systemic and pulmonary circulations
Receptor signaling in myocardial dysfunction, congenital heart disease, and heart failure
Myocardial preconditioning
Acknowledgment
Annotated references
CHAPTER 7: Developmental Physiology of the Respiratory System
Introduction
Embryology of the lungs, chest wall, and diaphragm
Physiology and anatomy of the upper and lower airways in infants and children
Lung fluid physiology
Pulmonary cell types, development, and release of surfactant
Physiological changes in lung liquid and pulmonary blood flow at birth
Lung development after birth
Control of breathing
Normal values for pulmonary function with age
Pathophysiology of important respiratory diseases affecting infants and children
Annotated references
CHAPTER 8: Developmental Physiology of the Central Nervous System
Introduction
Embryology of the developing brain and spinal cord, changes from fetus to neonate to child
The intracranial compartment
Vascular anatomy of the central nervous system
Cerebral vascular physiology
Electroencephalogram
Evoked potential monitoring
Conclusion
Annotated references
CHAPTER 9: Developmental Physiology of the Liver, Gastrointestinal Tract, and Renal System
The liver
Developmental physiology of the gastrointestinal tract
Developmental physiology of the renal system
Annotated references
Further reading
CHAPTER 10: Pharmacology
Introduction
Development of uptake, distribution, protein binding, metabolism, and excretion systems for drugs in the fetus, newborn, infant, and child [1]
Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of inhaled anesthetics
Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of intravenous anesthetics
Opioids
Muscle relaxants and reversal agents
Local anesthetics
Anesthetic pharmacology in obese children
Annotated references
CHAPTER 11: Fluids, Electrolytes, and Nutrition
Introduction
Physiology
Intravenous fluid therapy
Disorders of fluids and electrolytes
Conclusion
Annotated references
CHAPTER 12: Coagulation, Bleeding, and Blood Transfusion
Introduction
The coagulation process
Maturation of the coagulation system
Evaluation of the coagulation system
Congenital hematological disorders
Transfusion therapy
Blood conservation
Annotated references
CHAPTER 13: Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
Introduction
Epidemiology of pediatric cardiac arrest
Phases of resuscitation
Interventions during the cardiac arrest (no-flow) and cardiopulmonary resuscitation (low-flow) phases
Postresuscitation interventions
Other considerations
Conclusion
Annotated references
CHAPTER 14: Anxiety, Psychological Preparation, Awareness, and Behavior Change
Introduction
Anxiety
Psychological preparation
Awareness
Behavior change
Conclusion
Annotated references
CHAPTER 15: Principles of the Pediatric Perioperative Surgical Home
Introduction
Goal and objectives
The value proposition
Integration with the medical home and primary care providers
Critical steps for implementation
Types of procedures for pediatrics
Enhanced recovery after surgery
Education and training
Payment models
Annotated references
CHAPTER 16: Pediatric Airway Management
Introduction
Developmental anatomy
Anatomical structures of the upper airway and their relation to the practice of pediatric anesthesia
Developmental physiology of the upper airway
Management of the normal pediatric airway
Tracheal intubation
Nasotracheal intubation
Tracheal tube selection
Rapid-sequence induction and intubation in pediatric patients
Postoperative airway management
Upper airway complications and management
Airway management for tracheostomy insertion
The difficult pediatric airway
Indirect methods of tracheal intubation
Extubation of the difficult airway
Surgical and invasive airway management
Intentional muscle relaxation for difficult airway management
Annotated references
Further reading
Video clips
CHAPTER 17: Induction of, Maintenance of, and Emergence from Anesthesia
Evaluation of preoperative data and conditions
Preparation of operating room, equipment, and monitors
Methods for inducing anesthesia
Problems during induction of anesthesia
Maintenance of anesthesia
Emergence and recovery from anesthesia
Transport to the postanesthesia care unit and intensive care unit
Acknowledgment
Annotated references
CHAPTER 18: Postanesthesia Care Unit Management
Introduction
Essentials of the postanesthesia care unit
Potential postanesthesia problems and complications
Conclusion
Annotated references
CHAPTER 19: Monitoring and Vascular Access
Introduction
Venous access
Arterial access
Percutaneous pulmonary artery catheterization
Ultrasound guidance for vascular access
Interpretation of intravascular pressure waveforms
New techniques in pediatric intravascular monitoring
Emergency vascular access
Complications of vascular access
Respiratory monitoring
Temperature monitoring
Urinary monitoring
Blood gas and other point-of-care testing
Neuromuscular transmission monitoring
Central nervous system and somatic monitoring
Point-of-care ultrasound
Annotated references
Video clips
CHAPTER 20: Pediatric Regional Anesthesia
Introduction
Embryology and developmental physiology of the peripheral nervous system and age
Local anesthetics and toxicity
Blocks for infants and children
Choice of regional anesthesia in children
Regional blockade with or without general anesthesia
Techniques for performing regional anesthesia
Neuraxial blocks
Peripheral nerve blocks
Other nerve blocks
Complications of blocks and their treatment
Conclusion
Annotated references
Video clips
CHAPTER 21: Anesthesia for Fetal Intervention and Surgery
Introduction
Fetal surgery: indications, procedures, and outcomes
Anesthetic management of fetal procedures
Perioperative and procedural considerations
Future of fetal therapy and surgery
Annotated references
CHAPTER 22: Anesthesia for Premature Infants
Introduction
Background
Common problems associated with prematurity
Preoperative preparation
Induction of anesthesia
Maintenance of anesthesia
Recovery from anesthesia
Anesthesia for micropremies
Annotated references
CHAPTER 23: Anesthesia for the Full-term and Ex-premature Infant
Introduction
Residua and complications of prematurity
Operating room environment for the neonate
Postoperative extubation versus postoperative ventilation
Inguinal hernia
Abdominal wall defects
Esophageal atresia and tracheo-esophageal fistula
Congenital diaphragmatic hernia
Meningomyelocele
Muscle biopsy
Resuscitation of the newborn
Annotated references
CHAPTER 24: Anesthesia for the Adolescent and Young Adult Patient
Introduction
Developmental/behavioral issues in the adolescent
Teen cigarette smoking
Pregnancy/reproductive issues in the adolescent and young adult
Chronic diseases in the adolescent and young adult, and transition to adult care
Obesity in the adolescent
Thyroid surgery in the adolescent
Conclusion
Annotated references
CHAPTER 25: Anesthesia for Neurosurgical Procedures
Introduction
Neuropharmacology
General anesthetic considerations
Specific anesthetic considerations
Anesthesia for pediatric epilepsy and movement disorders
Cerebrovascular anomalies
Interventional neuroradiology
CEREBRAL PROTECTION, RESUSCITATION, AND OUTCOME
Annotated references
CHAPTER 26: Anesthesia for Thoracic Surgery
Introduction
Pathophysiology of one-lung ventilation
Anesthetic requirements for thoracic anesthesia
Analgesic requirements for thoracic surgery
Thoracoscopy
Robotic surgery
Lung resection
Thoracic surgical lesions
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
Annotated references
27 Anesthesia for Congenital Heart Disease
Introduction
Pathophysiology of congenital heart disease
Preoperative assessment and preparation
Principles of anesthetic management
Choice of anesthetic agents
Anesthesia for cardiac surgery
Anesthesia for non-cardiac surgery
Anesthesia for interventional procedures
Pathophysiology and anesthetic management of specific lesions and procedures
Annotated references
CHAPTER 28: Anesthesia for Non-cardiac Surgery in Patients with Congenital Heart Disease
Introduction
Congenital heart disease and perioperative risk
High-risk lesions
Special scenarios
Antibiotic prophylaxis for infective endocarditis
Perioperative planning
Annotated references
CHAPTER 29: Anesthesia for Spinal Surgery in Children
Introduction
Developmental and gross anatomy of the spine
Surgical procedures on the pediatric spine
Preoperative and intraoperative care
Postoperative care including pain management
Summary
Annotated references
CHAPTER 30: Anesthesia for Transplantation
Introduction
Care of organ donors after neurological death
Donation after cardiac death
Immunosuppression for pediatric solid organ transplantation
Liver transplantation
Renal transplantation
Heart transplantation
Lung transplantation
Intestinal, multivisceral, and pancreatic transplantation
Complications following transplant
Post-transplant surgery
Quality of life
Annotated references
CHAPTER 31: Anesthesia for Abdominal Surgery
Introduction
ABDOMINAL SURGICAL CONDITIONS
Intussusception
Biliary atresia
Malrotation of the bowel and intestinal atresia
Inflammatory bowel disease
Abdominal masses: major abdominal/liver tumors and pheochromocytoma
Inguinal hernia
Pyloric stenosis
Appendicitis
SPECIFIC INERVENTIONAL AND SURGICAL PROCEDURES
Gastrointestinal/endoscopic retrograde cholangiopanceatography/endoscopy procedures
Nissen fundoplication and gastrostomy
Laparoscopic surgery
Annotated references
CHAPTER 32: Anesthesia for Pediatric Urological Procedures
Introduction
Development of urological anomalies
Bladder exstrophy
Posterior urethral valves
Circumcision
Hypospadias
Cryptorchidism
Testicular torsion
Vesicoureteral reflux procedures
Ureteropelvic junction obstruction
Wilms tumor
Chronic renal failure and dialysis
Priapism
Robotic surgery
Annotated references
CHAPTER 33: Anesthesia for Orthopedic Surgery
Introduction
Clubfoot
Hip dysplasias/dislocations
Spica cast
Blount disease
Slipped capital femoral epiphysis
Hand surgery
Supracondylar femur fractures
Septic arthritis
Osteogenesis imperfecta
Arthrogryposis
Cerebral palsy
Neuromuscular diseases
Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis
Genetic syndromes and orthopedic surgery
Fractures in healthy children: supracondylar humerus fracture
Sports medicine procedures in teenaged athletes
Annotated references
CHAPTER 34: Otolaryngological and Dental Surgery
Introduction
Approach to the child with an upper respiratory tract infection
Anesthesia for specific surgical procedures
Ear surgery
Nasal and pharyngeal surgery
Endoscopy of the larynx, trachea and bronchial tree
Airway foreign bodies
Laser microlaryngeal surgery
Subglottic stenosis and tracheal reconstructive surgery
Dental procedures
Annotated references
CHAPTER 35: Anesthesia for Ophthalmological Surgery
Introduction
Anesthetic effects of commonly used ophthalmic drugs
Extraocular conditions
Intraocular conditions
Annotated references
CHAPTER 36: Anesthesia for Plastic and Craniofacial Surgery
Introduction
Craniofacial embryology
Facial anomalies
Physiological sequelae of craniofacial malformations
Craniofacial reconstruction: surgical procedures
Anesthesia for craniofacial reconstruction
Features of the craniofacial procedure
Anesthesia for cleft lip and cleft palate reconstruction
Postoperative management
Annotated references
Further reading
CHAPTER 37: Pain Management in Children
Introduction
Developmental neurophysiology of pain
Pain assessment in infants and children
Developmental analgesic pharmacology in infants and children
Local anesthetics and regional anesthesia
Acute pain services
Painful conditions in infants and children
Summary
Annotated references
CHAPTER 38: Outpatient Anesthesia
Introduction
Design and setting for outpatient surgery
Appropriate procedures
Patient selection
Preoperative evaluation/screening
Preoperative preparation
Anesthetic agents and techniques
Emergence agitation and delirium
Pain management
Postoperative nausea and vomiting
Recovery and discharge
Complications of outpatient anesthesia
Summary
Annotated references
CHAPTER 39: Anesthesia for Trauma
Introduction
Prehospital care
Organization of trauma services
Primary and secondary evaluation
Airway management
Vascular access
Massive transfusion and fluid resuscitation
Intraoperative management
Anesthetic considerations for specific injuries
Child abuse and trauma
Postoperative management and ICU transfer
Education and outcomes in pediatric trauma
Annotated references
CHAPTER 40: Anesthesia for Burns
Introduction
Pathophysiology
Fluid resuscitation in the acutely burned patient
Anesthetic management for acute burn procedures
Pain control
Anesthetic management for reconstructive procedures
Annotated references
CHAPTER 41: Anesthesia and Sedation Outside the Operating Room
Introduction
Specific NORA sites
Clinic and office procedures
Anesthetic management of NORA procedures
Resuscitation
Difficult airway management in NORA sites
Blood loss management outside the operating room
Selection of anesthetic technique and agents
Safety issues
Quality improvement and simulation in NORA locations
Future directions of pediatric sedation
Summary
Annotated references
CHAPTER 42: Pediatric Intensive Care
Pediatric intensive care unit team
Relationship between the PICU and operating room
Family-centered care in the PICU
Continuous quality improvement in the PICU
Organ system function and failure
Cardiovascular disease
Respiratory disease
Extracorporeal life support
Neurological diseases
Renal diseases
Hematology/oncology
Transfusion therapy
Coagulopathy in the critically ill child
Endocrine disease
Gastroenterology and nutrition
Immunity and infection
Transport of the critically ill pediatric patient
PICU outcomes
Annotated references
CHAPTER 43: Anesthesia for the Patient with a Genetic Syndrome
General approach to patients with a genetic syndrome
Management of common important syndromes
Listing of 120 syndromes encountered by the pediatric anesthesiologist
Annotated references
CHAPTER 44: Pediatric Anesthesia in Developing Countries
Organization
Equipment procurement and maintenance
Evaluation of patients
Types of surgery
Anesthesia monitoring and drugs
Postoperative pain relief
Follow-up care
Summary
Annotated references
CHAPTER 45: Clinical Complications in Pediatric Anesthesia
Introduction
Cardiac arrest
Control of temperature
Malignant hyperthermia
Propofol infusion syndrome
Local anesthetic toxicity and intralipid administration
Nerve and positioning injuries
Perioperative vision loss
Anaphylaxis and its treatment
Management and treatment
Latex allergy
Annotated references
CHAPTER 46: Impact of Pediatric Surgery and Anesthesia on Brain Development
Introduction
Nociception and stress in the neonate
Developmental anesthetic-induced neurotoxicity
Safer anesthetic techniques and potential mitigating strategies
Interspecies comparison
Clinical evidence for anesthetic neurotoxicity
Confounders and anesthetic protection
Co-morbidities and environmental factors
Ongoing and future research
Summary
Annotated references
CHAPTER 47: Patient Simulation and its Use in Pediatric Anesthesia
Introduction
History of simulation
Creating a simulation educational approach
Uses of simulation
Types of simulation
Organizing and running high-fidelity simulation sessions
Pediatric anesthesia simulation
Measuring the effectiveness of simulation learning
Summary
Annotated references
CHAPTER 48: Databases, Registries, and Outcome Research in Pediatric Anesthesia
Introduction
Outcome research from data registries
"Big Data" in anesthesia research
Databases and registries specific to pediatric anesthesia
Pediatric anesthesia data-based outcomes analysis from single institutions
Artificial intelligence and machine learning
Data registry concerns
Future uses of large registry data and outcomes analysis
Summary
Annotated references
CHAPTER 49: Electronic Anesthesia Records: Anesthesia Information Management Systems
Introduction
AIMS software, hardware, and "peopleware"
Clinical decision support in AIMS and EHRs
AIMS: potential benefits and perceived drawbacks
Secondary use of AIMS data
AIMS data quality and outcomes
AIMS and pediatric anesthesia research
Future directions
Annotated references
CHAPTER 50: Operating Room Safety, Communication, and Teamwork
Introduction
Non-technical skills
Medical team training
Hand-offs
Checklists
Medication safety
Value-based programs
Safe systems in the operating room
Summary
Annotated references
APPENDIX A: Appendix: Pediatric Anesthesia Drugs and Other Treatments in the Perioperative Period
References
APPENDIX B: Appendix: Pediatric Normal Laboratory Values
Clinical chemistry reference values (United States/conventional units)
Hematology reference ranges (United States/conventional units)
Clinical coagulation laboratory reference ranges (United States/conventional units)
Reference
Index
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