Plastics and Environmental Sustainability

Name: Plastics and Environmental Sustainability
Brand: Wiley
Price: 90.99 EUR
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Anthony L. Andrady(Autor*in)

Wiley (Verlag)

Erschienen am 11. Februar 2015

352 Seiten

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978-1-119-00938-2 (ISBN)

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Inhalt

Intro
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
List of Plastic Materials
Chapter 1 The Anthropocene
1.1 Energy Futures
1.1.1 Fossil Fuel Energy
1.1.1.1 Oil
1.1.1.2 Coal
1.1.1.3 Gas
1.1.1.4 Nuclear Energy
1.1.2 Renewable Energy
1.1.2.1 Wind Energy
1.1.2.2 Solar Energy
1.1.2.3 Solar Biomass Energy
1.2 Materials Demand in the Future
1.2.1 Materials of Construction
1.2.2 Metal Resources
1.2.3 Critical Materials
1.2.4 Plastic Materials
1.3 Environmental Pollution
1.3.1 Classifying Pollution Impacts
1.3.2 Climate Change and Global Warming
References
Chapter 2 A Sustainability Primer
2.1 The Precautionary Principle
2.1.1 Objectives in Sustainability
2.2 Microeconomics of Sustainability: The Business Enterprise
2.3 Models on Implementing Sustainability
2.4 Life Cycle Analysis
2.5 The Emerging Paradigm and the Plastics Industry
2.5.1 Examples from Plastics Industry
2.5.1.1 Using the Minimum Energy Needed to Manufacture Products
2.5.1.2 Using the Energy Mix with a Minimal Environmental Footprint
2.5.1.3 Recovering Waste Process Energy for Reuse
2.5.1.4 Using Only as Much Material as Is Needed to Ensure Functionality
2.5.1.5 Using More of Renewable and Recycled Raw Materials
2.5.1.6 Reusing and Recycling Postuse Products
2.5.1.7 Minimizing Externalities at Source: Green Chemistry
2.5.1.8 Avoiding Toxic Components and Potential Hazards Associated with Products and Processes
2.5.1.9 Converting the Pollutants into Resources
References
Chapter 3 An Introduction to Plastics
3.1 Polymer Molecules
3.1.1 Size of Polymer Molecules
3.2 Consequences of Long-Chain Molecular Architecture
3.2.1 Molecular Weight of Chain Molecules
3.2.2 Tacticity
3.2.3 Partially Crystalline Plastics
3.2.4 Chain Branching and Cross-Linking
3.2.5 Glass Transition Temperature
3.3 Synthesis of Polymers
3.3.1 Addition or Chain Growth Reaction
3.3.2 Condensation or Step Growth Reaction
3.3.3 Copolymers
3.4 Testing of Polymers
3.4.1 Tensile Properties
3.4.2 Thermal Properties: DSC (Differential Scanning Calorimetry)
3.4.3 Thermal Properties: TGA
3.5 Common Plastics
3.5.1 Polyethylenes
3.5.2 Polypropylenes
3.5.3 Polystyrene
3.5.4 Poly(vinyl chloride)
References
Chapter 4 Plastic Products
4.1 Plastics: The Miracle Material
4.2 Plastic Production, Use, and Disposal
4.2.1 From Resin to Products
4.2.1.1 Resin Manufacture
4.2.1.2 Compounding
4.2.1.3 Processing into Product
4.3 Processing Methods for Common Thermoplastics
4.3.1 Injection Molding
4.3.2 Extrusion
4.3.3 Blow Molding
4.4 The Environmental Footprint of Plastics
4.4.1 Energy Considerations in Resin Manufacture
4.4.2 Atmospheric Emissions from Plastics Industry
4.5 Plastics Additives
4.5.1 Fillers for Plastics
4.5.2 Plasticizers in PVC
4.6 Biopolymer or Bio-Derived Plastics
4.6.1 Bio-Based Plastics and Sustainability
4.6.2 Emerging Bio-Based Plastics
4.6.2.1 Bio-PE
4.6.2.2 Bio-PET
4.6.2.3 PLA
4.6.2.4 Poly(Hydroxyalkanoates)
4.6.2.5 Bio-Based Thermosets: PU
References
Chapter 5 Societal Benefits of Plastics
5.1 Transportation Applications of Plastics
5.1.1 Passenger Cars
5.1.2 Air and Sea Transport
5.2 Benefits from Plastic Packaging
5.2.1 Waste Reduction
5.2.2 Chemical and Microbial Protection
5.3 Plastics in Agriculture
5.4 Building Industry Applications
5.4.1 Pipes, Conduit, and Cladding
5.4.2 Extruded PVC Cladding and Window Frames
5.4.3 Foam Insulation
5.4.4 Wood-Plastic Composites
5.5 Original Equipment Manufacture (OEM)
5.6 Using Plastics Sustainably
References
Chapter 6 Degradation of Plastics in the Environment
6.1 Defining Degradability
6.2 Chemistry of Light-Induced Degradation
6.2.1 Light-Initiated Photo-Oxidation in PE and PP
6.2.2 Embrittlement and Fragmentation
6.2.3 Temperature and Humidity Effects on Degradation
6.2.4 Wavelength-Dependent Photodamage
6.2.5 Testing Plastics for Photodegradability
6.3 Enhanced Photodegradable Polyolefins
6.3.1 Effects of Photodegradation on Biodegradation
6.4 Biodegradation of Polymers
6.4.1 Terminology and Definitions
6.4.2 Biodegradable Plastics
6.4.3 Testing Readily Biodegradable Plastics
6.5 Biodegradability of Common Polymers
6.5.1 Additives that Enhance Degradation in Common Polymers
6.5.2 Degradable Plastics and Sustainable Development
References
Chapter 7 Endocrine Disruptor Chemicals
7.1 Endocrine Disruptor Chemicals Used in Plastics Industry
7.2 BPA {2,2-Bis(4-Hydroxyphenyl)Propane}
7.2.1 Exposure to BPA
7.2.2 Effects of Exposure to BPA
7.2.3 Dose-Response Relationships of BPA
7.2.4 Safe Levels of BPA
7.2.5 Contrary Viewpoint on BPA
7.2.6 Environmental Sustainability and BPA
7.3 Phthalate Plasticizers
7.3.1 Exposure to Phthalates
7.3.2 Toxicity of Phthalates
7.3.3 Environmental Sustainability and Phthalates
7.4 Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs)
7.4.1 Toxicity of PBDEs
7.4.2 Environmental Sustainability and PBDE
7.5 Alkylphenols and Their Ethoxylates (APE)
7.6 EDCs and PET Bottles
References
Chapter 8 Plastics and Health Impacts
8.1 Packaging versus the Contents
8.1.1 Packaging Milk in HDPE
8.1.2 Overpackaging
8.2 Package-Food Interactions
8.2.1 Oxygen and Water Permeability
8.2.2 Additive Migration and Toxicity
8.2.3 Residual Monomer in Packaging Resin
8.2.4 Scalping of Flavor Components
8.3 Styrene and Expanded Polystyrene Food Service Materials
8.3.1 Exposure to Styrene from Packaging
8.3.2 Leachate from PET Bottles
8.4 Ranking Common Plastics
8.4.1 PVC
References
Chapter 9 Managing Plastic Waste
9.1 Recovery of Waste
9.1.1 Material Recycling
9.1.2 Feedstock Recovery
9.1.3 Energy Recovery
9.2 Pyrolysis of Plastic Waste for Feedstock Recovery
9.2.1 Direct Thermolysis
9.2.2 Hydrogenation or hydrocracking
9.2.3 Gasification
9.2.3.1 Thermal Gasification
9.2.3.2 Plasma Arc Gasification
9.2.4 Feedstock Recycling
9.2.5 Landfilling
9.2.6 Plastics Waste Incineration
9.2.7 Biological Recovery Technologies
9.3 Sustainable Waste Management Choices
9.4 Mechanical Recycling of Plastics
9.4.1 Recycling: A Sustainable Choice
9.5 Recycling Bottles: Beverage Bottles and Jugs
9.5.1 Bottle-to-Bottle Recycling
9.5.2 Open-Loop Recycling
9.5.3 Recycling of HDPE
9.6 Designing for Recyclability
References
Chapter 10 Plastics in the Oceans
10.1 Origins of Plastics in the Ocean
10.2 Weathering of Plastics in the Ocean Environment
10.2.1 Beach (Supralittoral) Zone
10.2.2 Surface Water Zone
10.2.3 Deep Water and Sediment Zones
10.2.3.1 Comparison of the Weathering Rates in Different Zones
10.3 Microplastic Debris
10.3.1 Primary and Secondary Microplastics
10.3.2 Persistent Organic Pollutant in Microplastics
10.3.3 Ingestion of Microplastics by Marine Species
10.4 Ocean Litter and Sustainability
References
Index
EULA

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