List of Contributors xvii

Preface xxiii

1 Nanotechnology in the Food Industry 1

P. Santhoshkumar and JeyanA. Moses

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 Nanotechnology in the Food Industry 2

1.3 Conclusion 10

References 10

2 Trends in Food Packaging and the Scope of Nanotechnology 15

Dravin Pratap Singh, Ila Singh, B. S. Unnikrishnan, and Gopinath Packirisamy

2.1 Introduction 15

2.2 Role of Nanotechnology in Food Packaging 16

2.3 Types of Nanomaterials Deployed in Food Packaging 18

2.4 Categorization of Food Packaging 23

2.5 Effects of Food Packaging Materials on the Environment 28

2.6 Future Scope of Nanotechnology in Food Packaging 29

2.7 The Commercial Value of Food Packaging in the Market 29

2.8 Patents Related to Food Packaging 30

2.9 Conclusion 33

Acknowledgment 33

References 33

3 Polymer-Based Nanocomposites in Food Packaging 41

Vijayakumar Raja, L. Mahalakshmi, M. Maria Leena, and C. Anandharamakrishnan

3.1 Introduction 41

3.2 Types of Polymers 42

3.3 Types of Fillers 42

3.4 Polymer Nanocomposites - Preparation Methods 43

3.5 Mechanism of Reinforcement 44

3.6 Common Polymer Nanocomposites Used in Food-Packaging Systems 45

3.7 Applications in Food Packaging 47

3.8 Properties of Polymer Nanocomposites 48

3.9 Environmental Impact 53

3.10 Conclusion 54

References 54

4 Inorganic and Metal Oxide Nanomaterials in Food Packaging 63

Akanksha Shetty, Rishab Subramaniam, and Sundus Nida

4.1 Introduction 63

4.2 Types and Functions of Nanomaterials in Food Packaging 64

4.3 Inorganic and Metal Oxide Nanomaterials Applied in Food Packaging 71

4.4 Properties of Inorganic and Metal/Metal Oxide Nanoparticles 74

4.5 Legislation and Regulatory Aspects 77

4.6 Applications in Food Systems 78

4.7 Conclusion and Future Trends 79

References 80

5 Edible Coatings: Concept, Applications and Toxicological Aspects 83

Luana S. C. Carnaval, Andrelina Maria Pinheiro Santos, Betty Del Carmen Jarma Arroyo, Enayde de Almeida Melo, Amit K. Jaiswal, and Swarna Jaiswal

5.1 Introduction 83

5.2 Edible Coating Concept, Nanotechnology, and Raw Materials Applied to These Matrices 84

5.3 Methods of Coating 85

5.4 Nanocomposites and Bio-Based Materials for Edible Coatings 92

5.5 The Essential Properties of Bio-Nanocomposite Coatings 94

5.6 Coatings as Substance Releasers or Carriers in Food Models 95

5.7 General Safety Aspects Related to the Development of Food Contact Materials 98

5.8 Toxicological Aspects, Safety, and Components Migration Related to Edible Coatings 99

5.9 Conclusion and Prospects 100

Acknowledgment 100

Conflicts of Interest 101

References 101

6 Multilayer Flexible Films for Bio-Based Food Packaging 111

Maria José Costa, Victor Souza, Lorenzo Pastrana, and Miguel Ângelo Cerqueira

6.1 Introduction 111

6.2 Bio-Based Materials and Methodologies 112

6.3 Multilayer Structures 119

6.4 Food Applications 125

6.5 Conclusion 127

Acknowledgments 127

References 127

7 Nanoencapsulation and Nanodelivery Through Food Packaging 135

Vimala S. K. Bharathi and Digvir S. Jayas

7.1 Introduction 135

7.2 Food-Packaging Applications 138

7.3 Perishable Food Applications 140

7.4 Stored Grains 145

7.5 Health and Environmental Impacts of Nanoencapsulated Materials 149

7.6 Summary and Prospects 151

References 151

8 Active Packaging: Concept, Applications, and Regulatory Aspects 161

A. Vanmathi Mugasundari and Jeyan A. Moses

8.1 Introduction 161

8.2 Types and Mechanisms of Nano Material-Based Active Packaging 162

8.3 Nanomaterial-Based Active Packaging Enhancements in MAP 172

8.4 Emerging Concepts and Future Trends 172

8.5 Regulatory Considerations and Safety 174

8.6 Conclusion 174

References 175

9 Intelligent Packaging: Concept, Applications, and Regulatory Aspects 183

Kalpani Y. Perera, Luana S. C. Carnaval, Amit K. Jaiswal, and Swarna Jaiswal

9.1 Introduction 183

9.2 Concepts of Intelligent Packaging 185

9.3 Types of Intelligent Packaging 186

9.4 Nanotechnological Applications in Intelligent Packaging 195

9.5 Applications of Intelligent Food Packaging for Meat/Fish, Fruits, Vegetables, and Dairy Products 198

9.6 Regulatory Aspects 203

9.7 Conclusion and Future Perspective 203

Acknowledgment 204

References 204

10 Biosensors and Nanosensors for Quality Evaluation in Food Packaging 211

Devika Yadav, Vijayakumar Raja, and C. Anandharamakrishnan

10.1 Introduction 211

10.2 General Working Principles of Biosensors, Nanosensors and Bio-Nanosensors 212

10.3 Applications of Biosensors, Nanosensors, and Bio-Nanosensors in Food Packaging 214

10.4 Challenges and Future Trends 224

10.5 Conclusion 224

References 225

11 Biodegradable Food Packaging and Additive Manufacturing Technology 237

Adity Bahndral, Rafeeya Shams, and Pintu Choudhary

11.1 Introduction 237

11.2 Emerging Concerns on the Usage of Synthetic Polymers 239

11.3 Biodegradable Materials Used for Food Packaging 242

11.4 Advantages and Limitations of Biodegradable Polymer 249

11.5 Bionanocomposites for Food Packaging 250

11.6 Biodegradation and Waste Valorization of Eco-friendly and Sustainable Biopolymers 253

11.7 Market Trends in Biodegradable Food Packaging 254

11.8 Emerging Applications of Novel Techniques for the Development of Biodegradable Packaging Materials 261

11.9 Conclusion and Future Perspective 264

References 265

12 Nanoscale Surface Modification by Fatty Acid Grafting Technologies 281

Corina L. Reichert, Lisa-Marie Dietz, and Markus Schmid

12.1 Introduction 281

12.2 Chemical Process 282

12.3 Upscaling Options and Requirements 291

12.4 Industrial Fields of Application 292

12.5 Legal Aspects 295

12.6 Occupational Safety 296

12.7 Sustainability Aspects and Future Scenarios 297

Acknowledgments 300

References 301

13 Applications of Nanotechnology in the Packaging of Special/Space Foods 305

Vidushi Kapoor, Vijayakumar Raja, Ishita Neogi, and C. Anandharamakrishnan

13.1 Introduction 305

13.2 Criteria for Packaging of Space Foods 306

13.3 Evolution of Space Foods and Packaging Technologies 307

13.4 Exploration Agencies and Their Packaging Trends 307

13.5 Applicability of Nano Packaging to Processed Space Foods 309

13.6 Emerging/Novel Space Food Packaging Technologies 313

13.7 Challenges Faced in Space Food Packaging 316

13.8 Use of Nanotechnology for Quality Detection of Space Foods 317

13.9 Future Scope of Packaging Materials for Space Foods 317

13.10 Conclusion and Outlook 318

References 319

14 Life Cycle Analysis in Food Packaging 325

Shweta Deotale, Divyajyoti Biswal, and Sachin A. Mandavgane

14.1 Introduction 325

14.2 Sustainable Food Packaging 327

14.3 Life Cycle Assessment 328

14.4 LCA of Nanofood Packaging 335

14.5 Environmental Impacts of Nanofood Packaging Materials 338

14.6 Major Challenges and Future Perspective 340

14.7 Conclusion 340

References 341

15 Migratory Effects, Safety, and Concerns of Nanofood Packaging 345

Rahul Kumar and Kanishka Bhunia

15.1 Introduction 345

15.2 Nanomaterial Types in Nanofood Packaging 346

15.3 Migration of Nanomaterials from Packaging 350

15.4 Factors Affecting the Migration 352

15.5 Diffusion Models and Their Terminologies 355

15.6 Migration Modeling 358

15.7 Modeling Approaches for Different Packaging Materials 363

15.8 Migration Modeling Software 364

15.9 Migratory Effects of Nanoparticles on Food 366

15.10 Migration Tests 366

15.11 Toxicological Effect of Nanoparticles on Human Health 369

15.12 Safety Regulation 370

15.13 Final Remarks 371

References 372

16 Global Regulatory Frameworks for Nanomaterials in Food Packaging 381

Singam Suranjoy Singh, Anns Annie Gigi, Prasanth K. S. Pillai, and K.V. Ragavan

16.1 Introduction 381

16.2 Scope of Nanomaterials in Food Packaging 381

16.3 Regulations in Different Regions 392

16.4 Guidelines for the Evaluation of Nano-Based Agri Inputs and Food Products in India 395

16.5 Global Standards 398

16.6 Market Trends and Consumer Preference 400

16.7 Perspectives and Conclusion 402

References 402

17 Nanotechnology Solutions in Food Packaging: Present and Future 409

Navjot Kaur, Hamid, and Pintu Choudhary

17.1 Introduction 409

17.2 Current Status of Food Nanotechnology 411

17.3 Applications in Food Packaging Industry 412

17.4 Future Prospective 418

17.5 Conclusion 420

References 421

18 Sustainability and Future of Nanofood Packaging 427

J. Cyril Robinson Azariah, D. Sungeetha, and Ashley George Thomas

18.1 An Introduction to Sustainable Packaging 427

18.2 Potential Future Applications for Smart Packaging with Various Food Products 429

18.3 The Future of Antimicrobial Packaging Systems 431

18.4 Nanotechnology in Sustainable Plastics for Food Packaging 434

18.5 Sustainable Preparation Methods for Nanomaterials 435

18.6 Future Research Areas Based on Societal Demand and Emerging Approaches 435

18.7 Nondestructive Quality Checks 436

18.8 Novel Sustainable Advanced Materials and Their Future Scope 437

18.9 Conclusion 437

References 437

Index 441