Logic, Language and Meaning

Name: Logic, Language and Meaning | 18th Amsterdam Colloquium, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, December 19-21, 2011, Revised Selected Papers
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18th Amsterdam Colloquium, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, December 19-21, 2011, Revised Selected Papers

Maria Aloni Vadim Kimmelman Floris Roelofsen Galit Sassoon Katrin Schulz Matthijs Westera(Herausgeber*in)

Springer (Verlag)

Erschienen am 24. Juni 2012

XII, 482 Seiten

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Inhalt

Title
Preface
Organization
Table of Contents
Invited Speakers
Formal Indices and Iconicity in ASL
Introduction: Sign Language Indexes as Formal Indices
Complement Set Readings and Structural Iconicity
The Phenomenon
An Analysis with Structural Iconicity
High Loci and Locus-External Iconicity
The Phenomenon
An Analysis with Iconic Presuppositions
Further Application: Deictic Pronouns
Directional Verbs and Locus-Internal Iconicity
The Debate about Directional Verbs
Iconic Effects with Directional Verbs
An Analysis with Structured Loci
References
Context Probabilism
Introduction
A Textbook Propositional Dynamic Semantics
Discontents of the Textbook Semantics
Sharp Context Probabilism
Blunt Context Probabilism
Problems Solved
Probability Conditions
Dynamicness
References
Workshop on Inquisitiveness
Free Choice in Deontic Inquisitive Semantics (DIS)
Introduction
Previous Accounts
The Proposal
Puzzles Solved
Counterargument Countered
Future Work
References
Negative Inquisitiveness and Alternatives-Based Negation
Introduction
Negation in Simple Dialogue
Negation and Types
Negation and Inquisitiveness
Alternatives
Polar Interrogatives
Conclusion
References
Where Question, Conditionals and Topics Converge
Introduction
Questions as Conditionals
Inquisitiveness and Highlighted Alternatives
The Topic Issue
Our Analysis
The Presence of auch
Conclusion
References
Inquisitive Knowledge Attribution and the Gettier Problem
Introduction
The Gettier Problem gettier
Analysis in Inquisitive Semantics
Disjunction in Alternative/Inquisitive Semantics
First Attempt: Point-Wise Function Application
Solution: Knowledge Requires a Strongest Justified Belief
Extension to Interrogative Complements
Other Putative Gettier Cases
Conclusions and Remarks on Other Attitude Verbs
References
Workshop on Sign Language
When Wide Scope Is Not Enough: Scope and Topicality of Discourse Referents
Introduction
Dependent Variables
Specificity Marking
Modal Subordination
Prominent Narrow Scope Variables
Conclusions
References
When Disjunction Looks Like Conjunction: Pragmatic Consequences in ASL
Introduction
Two Types of General Use Coordinators in ASL
COORD-Shift
COORD-L
General Use Coordination in Other Languages
Quantitative Measures of Scalar Implicatures Based on General Use Coordination
Methods
Procedures and Stimuli
Results
Conclusions
References
Quantificational Strategies across Language Modalities
Introduction
D-Quantification vs. A-Quantification
A-Quantification Structures in SLs
With Overt Operators
Without Overt Operators
D-Quantification and Partial Overt Realization of Tripartite Structures
Lexical Quantification
Conclusion
References
Degree Modification and Intensification in American Sign Language Adjectives
Introduction
Gradable Adjectives, Scales, and Degree Modification
ASL Gradable Adjectives and Their Marking Under Degree Modification
Plain Adjectives
Phonological Marking of Intensification
Adverbial Intensifiers
'Too Adjective to Verb'
Putting the Pieces Together
References
Workshop on Formal Semantic Evidence
Experimenting with the King of France
Introduction
Possible Factors behind Wavering Truth-Value Judgments
The Experiment
Results
Data
Interpreting the Results
Further Discussion
Topics and Verifiability
A Problem for the Truth-Value Gap Approach
Conclusion
References
Adjectives as Saturators vs. Modifiers: Statistical Evidence
Introduction
The Two Competing Analyses
The Argument-Saturating Analysis
The Modifier Analysis
Predictions
Method
Results
Conclusions
References
Licensing Sentence-Internal Readings in English
The Phenomena
Experiment
Method
Statistical Modeling and Resulting Generalizations
Consequences for the Semantic Analysis of AOCs
Conclusion
References
Evaluative Adjectives, Scale Structure, and Ways of Being Polite
Introduction
Evaluative Gradable Adjectives and Scale Structure
Gradable Adjectives and Scale Structure
Evaluative Adjectives
Corpus Study
Corpus Collection and Processing
The Tests
Interpreting the Results
Conclusion
References
Processing: Free Choice at No Cost
Free Choice (FC)
Scalar Implicatures
Free Choice as a Kind of Scalar Implicatures
Design
Experiment 1
Experiment 2
Conclusion
References
Corpus Evidence for Preference-Driven Interpretation
Introduction
The Cards Corpus
Relevance and the Evolving Task
Experiments
Experiment 1: Underspecified Card References
Experiment 2: Unrestricted Quantification?
Experiment 3: Goal-Based Domain Restriction
Conclusion
References
Relating ERP-Effects to Theories of Belief Update and Combining Systems
Introduction
The Progressive and Left Anterior Negativity
An Alternative Approach
Conclusion
References
Can Children Tell Us Something about the Semantics of Adjectives?
The Semantics of Gradable Adjectives
Experiment 1: What Children Can Tell Us about the Semantics of Adjectives
Experiment 2: What Adults Can Tell Us about the Semantics of Adjectives
Conclusion
References
Underspecified Representations of Scope Ambiguity?
Methods
Results and Discussion
Conclusions
References
Projective Behaviour of Nur - Quantitative Experimental Research
Introduction
Projective Behaviour of Nur-Experiments
Experimental Set-Up
Methodology
Results
Projective Behaviour of Auch - Experiment
Analysis
Conclusion
References
Presupposition Processing - The Case of German wieder
Introduction
Background
Experiment
Methods and Material
Results
Discussion
Follow-Up Rating Experiment
Conclusion
References
Presupposition Projection Out of Quantified Sentences: Strengthening, Local Accommodation and Inter-speaker Variation
Introduction
Survey
Design
Results
Trivalent Theory of Presupposition Projection
Three Truth Values and the Felicity Condition
Extension to Polar Questions
Disjunctive Presuppositions for Quantified Sentences
Two Strategies
Account of the Generalizations
References
General Program
Focus, Evidentiality and Soft Triggers
Introduction
Attention and Aboutness
The Default Main Point
Being about an Entity
Triggering Mechanism-Default Version
Triggering Mechanism-Context Sensitive Version
References
Polarities in Logic and Semantics
Introduction
Polarized Classical Non-associative Lambek Calculus
Case Analyses
Lexicon
Object-Wide Scope
Embedded Scope
Scope Sieves
Coordination and Intensionality
Type-Shifting
Evaluation
Blocking Scopal Readings
On Verbs Taking Clausal Complements
Lambek-Grishin Calculus
References
Implicit Arguments: Event Modification or Option Type Categories?
Introduction
Meaning Postulates and Event Modification
Option Types in Abstract Categorial Grammar
Some Exceptional Cases
A General Strategy of `Optionalization'
Conclusions
References
Each vs. Jeweils: A Cover-Based View on Distance Distributivity
Introduction
Crosslinguistic Variation
Distributivity Operators in Algebraic Event Semantics
Each and Jeweils as Distributivity Operators
Summary and Discussion
References
Cross-Categorial Donkeys
Surprisingly Sloppy
A Theory
Conclusion
References
On Wh-Exclamatives and Noteworthiness
Introduction
Background: Scalarity in Exclamative Semantics
The Scope of Noteworthiness
Beyond English What-Exclamatives
Proposal
Wh-Exclamatives of Type 1
Wh-Exclamatives of Type 2
Discussion
No Interaction with Degree Constructions
An Extension to How-Exclamatives
Conclusion
References
Generalizing Monotonicity Inferences to Opposition Inferences
Introduction
Basic Definitions
OPs of Determiners
OPs of Iterated Quantifiers
Concluding Remarks
References
Exclusive Updates
Introduction
Framework
Theory of Exclusives
Examples
Predicative Example
Argument NP Example
Conclusion
References
Steedman's Temporality Proposal and Finite Automata
Introduction
Causal Models
Finite-State Temporality
Inertia and Bounded Entailments
References
On Scales, Salience and Referential Language Use
Scale Types, and ``Kennedy's Observation''
Explaining ``Kennedy's Observation''
Referential Games
Solving Referential Games
References
On the Semantics and Pragmatics of Dysfluency
Introduction
Background
Dysfluencies: Structure and Taxonomy
Dialogue GameBoards
Grounding and Clarification
From CRs to Dysfluency: Informal Sketch
Dysfluency Rules
References
Pragmatic Constraints on Gesture Use: The Effect of Downward and Non Entailing Contexts on Gesture Processing
Introduction
The Interpretation of Spontaneous Co-speech Gestures
Pragmatic Constraints on Gesture Interpretation
Experiment
Experimental Setup
Results
Conclusion
References
Sameness, Ellipsis and Anaphora
Introduction
Same vs. Ellipsis and Anaphora
Same Is Additive
Scope
Individuation
Related Work
Conclusions
References
As Simple as It Seems
Introduction
Not an Idiom
Not Neg-Raising
Movement
Non-DE Adverbial Expressions
Mobile PPIs
PPIs Interpretable under a Clausemate Negation
Escape of Seem
Temporal and Aspectual Properties of the Infinitive
Conclusion
References
On the Non-licensing of NPIs in the Only-Focus
Introduction
NPIs and Only
NPIs in the Scope of Only and the SDE Condition
NPIs in the Focus Associated with Only
The Proposal
Only and Innocent Exclusion
NPI Licensing, the SDE Condition, and Context (In)Dependency
Concluding Remarks
References
Now: A Discourse-Based Theory
Previous Discourse Accounts
Rhetorical Contexts and now
A Note about Contrast and Change of State
References
Obligatory Implicatures and Grammaticality
The Puzzle
Zweig's Dependent Plurality
The Proposal
Implications for the Theory of Scalar Implicatures
Conclusion
References
Only Only? An Experimental Window on Exclusiveness
Introduction
Beaver and Clark's Approach
Linguistic Observations
The Tequila Test
The Proposal
Preliminary Discussion
An Experimental Approach
The Basic Protocol
The Image-Based Protocol
Results
Discussion and Perspectives
References
On the Information Status of Appositive Relative Clauses
Introduction
Two Tests for At-issue/Not-at-issue Content
The Direct Reply Test
The Answerability Test
Intermediate Conclusions
The Formal Account
Previous Accounts of ARCs
The Formal System
The Account
Conclusion and Beyond
References
Definiteness in Superlatives
Introduction
Absolute and Comparative Superlatives
Distribution of the Definite Determiner
Definite DP and Definite DegP
DP-Internal Superlatives
Superlatives as Plural Definites
Comparison of Approaches
Optionality
Conclusion
References
The Accommodation Potential of Implicative Verbs
Introduction
Discourse Meaning and Accommodation in LDG
Reasoning towards Culmination
The Implicative Condition
Linguistic Presuppositions or Pragmatic Strengthening?
Conclusion
References
Tropes, Intensional Relative Clauses, and the Notion of a Variable Object
Introduction
Trope Reference with NPs Containing Intensional Relative Clauses
Approaches Based on Individual Concepts
The Variable-Objects Approach
The Modal Compatibility Requirement
Conclusion
References
A Theory of Names and True Intensionality
Introduction
A Truly Intensional Logic
Further Information about ITL
Names in a Truly Intensional Setting
Worlds, Necessity, and Rigidity
Conclusion
References
Multiple Foci in Japanese Clefts and the Growth of Semantic Representation
Introduction
Framework: Dynamic Syntax
Uniform Analysis of Clefts
Clefts+P
Multiple Foci
Long-Distance Clefts
Conclusion
References
Focus, Uniqueness and Soft Presupposition Triggers
The Problem
Background on Soft Presupposition Triggers
Observations
Observation A: The Definite Article Is a Soft Presupposition Trigger for Uniqueness
Observation B: Soft Presupposition Triggers and Focus Alternatives
Local Accommodation or Cancellation?
Observation A+B and the Original Problem
Conclusions
References
You Again: How Is Its Ambiguity Derived?
Introduction
Previous Analyses of English Again
The Structural Analysis
The Lexical Analysis
Two Kinds of Restitutive Readings
The Puzzle: The Ambiguity of You in Mandarin Chinese
Scope Interaction between You and a Quantifier
Analysis
Further Arguments and Consequences
Conclusion
References
Author Index

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