Chitosan

1 - Cover [Seite 1]
2 - Title Page [Seite 5]
3 - Copyright Page [Seite 6]
4 - Contents [Seite 7]
5 - Preface [Seite 19]
6 - Section I Production and Derivatives of Chitosan [Seite 21]
6.1 - 1 Chitin and Chitosan: History, Composition and Properties [Seite 23]
6.1.1 - 1.1 Chitin [Seite 24]
6.1.1.1 - 1.1.1 History [Seite 24]
6.1.1.2 - 1.1.2 Sources of Chitin [Seite 24]
6.1.1.2.1 - 1.1.2.1 Terrestrial Organisms [Seite 24]
6.1.1.2.2 - 1.1.2.2 Marine or Aquatic Organisms [Seite 25]
6.1.1.2.3 - 1.1.2.3 Microorganisms (e.g., Fungi or Mushroom) [Seite 25]
6.1.1.3 - 1.1.3 Extraction of Chitin [Seite 26]
6.1.1.3.1 - 1.1.3.1 Demineralization [Seite 27]
6.1.1.3.2 - 1.1.3.2 Deproteination [Seite 27]
6.1.1.3.3 - 1.1.3.3 Decolorization [Seite 28]
6.1.1.4 - 1.1.4 Structure and Composition [Seite 28]
6.1.1.5 - 1.1.5 Properties of Chitin [Seite 30]
6.1.1.5.1 - 1.1.5.1 Solubility, Reactivity, and Viscosity [Seite 30]
6.1.1.5.2 - 1.1.5.2 Miscellaneous Properties [Seite 31]
6.1.2 - 1.2 Chitosan [Seite 31]
6.1.2.1 - 1.2.1 History [Seite 31]
6.1.2.2 - 1.2.2 Sources and Extraction [Seite 32]
6.1.2.2.1 - 1.2.2.1 Deacetylation of Chitin by Chemical Method [Seite 32]
6.1.2.2.2 - 1.2.2.2 Deacetylation of Chitin by Enzymatic Method [Seite 33]
6.1.2.2.3 - 1.2.2.3 Deacetylation of Chitin by Microwave Assisted Method [Seite 34]
6.1.2.3 - 1.2.3 Structure and Composition [Seite 34]
6.1.2.4 - 1.2.4 Properties [Seite 35]
6.1.2.4.1 - 1.2.4.1 Physical Properties [Seite 35]
6.1.2.4.2 - 1.2.4.2 Chemical Properties [Seite 38]
6.1.2.4.3 - 1.2.4.3 Miscellaneous Properties [Seite 40]
6.1.3 - 1.3 Conclusion [Seite 41]
6.1.4 - References [Seite 41]
6.2 - 2 Nitrogenated Polysaccharides - Chitin and Chitosan, Characterization and Application [Seite 45]
6.2.1 - 2.1 Introduction [Seite 46]
6.2.2 - 2.2 Extraction of Nitrogenated Polysaccharides from Natural Sources [Seite 47]
6.2.3 - 2.3 Research Methods of Nitrogenated Polysaccharides [Seite 48]
6.2.3.1 - 2.3.1 X-Ray Diffraction [Seite 49]
6.2.3.2 - 2.3.2 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance [Seite 56]
6.2.3.3 - 2.3.3 FTIR Spectroscopy [Seite 57]
6.2.3.4 - 2.3.4 Calorimetry [Seite 59]
6.2.3.5 - 2.3.5 Sorption [Seite 60]
6.2.3.6 - 2.3.6 Electron Microscopy [Seite 62]
6.2.3.7 - 2.3.7 Atomic Force Microscopy [Seite 63]
6.2.3.8 - 2.3.8 Laser Light Scattering [Seite 64]
6.2.3.9 - 2.3.9 Thermoanalytical Methods [Seite 65]
6.2.3.10 - 2.3.10 Viscometry [Seite 66]
6.2.3.11 - 2.3.11 Composition Assay Methods [Seite 66]
6.2.4 - 2.4 Characterization of Nitrogenated Polysaccharides [Seite 67]
6.2.4.1 - 2.4.1 Chitin [Seite 67]
6.2.4.2 - 2.4.2 Chitosan [Seite 72]
6.2.5 - 2.5 Properties of Nitrogenated Polysaccharides [Seite 74]
6.2.6 - 2.6 Applications [Seite 78]
6.2.7 - 2.7 Conclusion [Seite 80]
6.2.8 - References [Seite 81]
6.3 - 3 Enzymes for Production of Chitin, Chitosan, and Chitooligosaccharide and Determination of Activities of Enzymes Using Chitinous Substrates [Seite 91]
6.3.1 - 3.1 Introduction [Seite 92]
6.3.2 - 3.2 Fermentation Methods for Production of Enzymes [Seite 94]
6.3.3 - 3.3 Methods for Purification of Enzymes [Seite 94]
6.3.4 - 3.4 Storage Conditions of Enzyme [Seite 98]
6.3.5 - 3.5 Commercial Enzymes [Seite 98]
6.3.6 - 3.6 Determinations of Enzyme Activities Using Chitinous Materials [Seite 98]
6.3.7 - 3.7 Conclusion [Seite 105]
6.3.8 - Acknowledgement [Seite 105]
6.3.9 - References [Seite 105]
6.4 - 4 Production of Chitin, Chitosan, and Chitooligosaccharide from Shrimp and Crab Shells Using Green Technology and Applications of Their Composite Materials [Seite 109]
6.4.1 - 4.1 Introduction [Seite 110]
6.4.2 - 4.2 Microorganisms for Production of Chitin and Chitosan Using Green Technology [Seite 112]
6.4.3 - 4.3 Production of Chitin Using Microorganisms [Seite 113]
6.4.4 - 4.4 Production of Chitosan from Chitin Using Chitin Deacetylase from Microorganisms [Seite 114]
6.4.5 - 4.5 Production of Crude Chitooligosaccharide from Shrimp and Crab Shells Using Fermentation Technology [Seite 118]
6.4.6 - 4.6 Applications of Chitin, Chitosan, Chitooligosaccharides and Their Composite Materials [Seite 121]
6.4.7 - 4.7 Conclusion [Seite 122]
6.4.8 - Acknowledgement [Seite 127]
6.4.9 - References [Seite 127]
6.5 - 5 Chitosan and Its Derivatives: Overview of Commercial Applications in Diverse Fields [Seite 135]
6.5.1 - 5.1 History [Seite 135]
6.5.2 - 5.2 Synthesis of Chitosan [Seite 136]
6.5.3 - 5.3 General Properties [Seite 137]
6.5.4 - 5.4 Biological Properties [Seite 137]
6.5.5 - 5.5 Physicochemical Aspects [Seite 138]
6.5.6 - 5.6 Molecular Weight [Seite 138]
6.5.7 - 5.7 Stability [Seite 138]
6.5.8 - 5.8 Fabrication [Seite 139]
6.5.8.1 - 5.8.1 Mild Acidic Conditions [Seite 139]
6.5.8.2 - 5.8.1 Other Acidic Conditions [Seite 140]
6.5.9 - 5.9 Self-Assembly [Seite 140]
6.5.9.1 - 5.9.1 Molecular Design [Seite 140]
6.5.9.2 - 5.9.2 Self-Assembly Mechanism [Seite 141]
6.5.10 - 5.10 Strategies Self-Assembly [Seite 141]
6.5.10.1 - 5.10.1 Solution Self-Assembly [Seite 141]
6.5.10.2 - 5.10.2 Template Self-Assembly [Seite 141]
6.5.11 - 5.11 Chief Significance [Seite 142]
6.5.12 - 5.12 Various Forms [Seite 142]
6.5.13 - 5.13 Chemical Modification [Seite 142]
6.5.14 - 5.14 Technologic Features for Medicinal Utilization [Seite 142]
6.5.15 - 5.15 Synthetic Procedure of Chitosan Nanoparticles [Seite 143]
6.5.16 - 5.16 Modified Chitosan [Seite 143]
6.5.17 - 5.17 Carboxymethyl Chitosan (CMC) [Seite 143]
6.5.18 - 5.18 Michael Reaction [Seite 144]
6.5.19 - 5.19 Antioxidant [Seite 144]
6.5.20 - 5.20 Antibacterial Properties [Seite 146]
6.5.21 - 5.21 Antimicrobial Activity [Seite 146]
6.5.22 - 5.22 Antiviral Activity [Seite 149]
6.5.23 - 5.23 Biological Adhesive [Seite 149]
6.5.23.1 - 5.23.1 Photo-Cross-Linkable Chitosan [Seite 149]
6.5.24 - 5.24 Bonding Purposes [Seite 150]
6.5.25 - 5.25 Biodegradation [Seite 150]
6.5.26 - 5.26 Parameter Moving Transfection Competence [Seite 151]
6.5.27 - 5.27 Conjugation [Seite 151]
6.5.28 - 5.28 Functionalization of Chitosan [Seite 151]
6.5.29 - 5.29 Schiff's Base Formation [Seite 151]
6.5.30 - 5.30 Reductive Amination [Seite 154]
6.5.31 - 5.31 Chitosan-Proteins Interaction [Seite 154]
6.5.32 - 5.32 Absorption Enhancer [Seite 155]
6.5.33 - 5.33 Chitosan-Starch Blends [Seite 155]
6.5.34 - 5.34 Application in Various Fields [Seite 155]
6.5.34.1 - 5.34.1 Administration Routes [Seite 155]
6.5.34.2 - 5.34.2 Drug Delivery [Seite 156]
6.5.34.3 - 5.34.3 Oral Route [Seite 156]
6.5.34.4 - 5.34.4 Nasal Route [Seite 156]
6.5.34.5 - 5.34.5 Cancer [Seite 157]
6.5.34.6 - 5.34.6 Neurosurgeries [Seite 157]
6.5.34.7 - 5.34.7 Skin Repair [Seite 157]
6.5.34.8 - 5.34.8 Gene Delivery [Seite 157]
6.5.34.9 - 5.34.9 Gastric Ulcers [Seite 159]
6.5.34.10 - 5.34.10 Wound Dressing [Seite 159]
6.5.34.11 - 5.34.11 Dye Adsorption [Seite 160]
6.5.34.12 - 5.34.12 Biosensors [Seite 160]
6.5.34.13 - 5.34.13 Electrochemical Sensor [Seite 161]
6.5.34.14 - 5.34.14 Enzymatic Assembly [Seite 161]
6.5.34.15 - 5.34.15 Electrochemical Enzyme Immobilization [Seite 162]
6.5.34.16 - 5.34.16 Plasma Treatment in Textile [Seite 163]
6.5.34.17 - 5.34.17 Fiber Technology [Seite 164]
6.5.34.18 - 5.34.18 Viral Infections [Seite 164]
6.5.34.18.1 - 5.34.18.1 In Plants [Seite 164]
6.5.34.18.2 - 5.34.18.2 In Animals [Seite 165]
6.5.34.19 - 5.34.19 Seafood Industry [Seite 165]
6.5.34.20 - 5.34.20 Wastewater Treatment [Seite 165]
6.5.35 - 5.35 Conclusion [Seite 166]
6.5.36 - References [Seite 166]
6.6 - 6 Chitin and Chitosan-Complexes and Their Applications [Seite 171]
6.6.1 - 6.1 Introduction [Seite 172]
6.6.2 - 6.2 Synthesis of Chitosan from Chitin [Seite 173]
6.6.3 - 6.3 Different Properties of Chitosan [Seite 174]
6.6.3.1 - 6.3.1 Chemical Properties of Chitosan [Seite 174]
6.6.3.2 - 6.3.2 Biological Properties of Chitosan [Seite 175]
6.6.4 - 6.4 Polyelectrolyte Complexes of Chitosan [Seite 176]
6.6.5 - 6.5 Complexes of Polyelectrolyte between Chitosan and Naturally Occurring Polymers [Seite 177]
6.6.5.1 - 6.5.1 Chitosan-Alginate Polyelectrolyte Complex [Seite 177]
6.6.5.2 - 6.5.2 Chitosan-Carrageenan Polyelectrolyte Complex [Seite 178]
6.6.5.3 - 6.5.3 Chitosan-Pectin Polyelectrolyte Complex [Seite 178]
6.6.5.4 - 6.5.4 Chitosan-Xanthan Gum Polyelectrolyte Complex [Seite 179]
6.6.5.5 - 6.5.5 Chitosan-Hyaluronic Acid Polyelectrolyte Complex [Seite 179]
6.6.6 - 6.6 Various Useful and Important Applications of Chitosan [Seite 179]
6.6.6.1 - 6.6.1 Chitosan Application in Agriculture [Seite 180]
6.6.6.2 - 6.6.2 Application of Chitosan in Wastewater and Contaminated Water Treatment [Seite 180]
6.6.6.3 - 6.6.3 Chitosan Use in Food Industries [Seite 181]
6.6.6.4 - 6.6.4 Chitosan and Biomedical Applications [Seite 181]
6.6.7 - 6.7 Conclusion [Seite 182]
6.6.8 - Acknowledgement [Seite 182]
6.6.9 - References [Seite 182]
6.7 - 7 Enzymes from Genetically Modified Microorganisms for Production of Chitin, Chitosan, and Chitooligosaccharide [Seite 187]
6.7.1 - 7.1 Introduction [Seite 188]
6.7.2 - 7.2 Enzymes for Production of Chitin/Chitosan, and Chitooligosaccharide [Seite 189]
6.7.3 - 7.3 Enzyme and DNA Technology for Production of Chitin, Chitosan, and CTO [Seite 189]
6.7.4 - 7.4 Determinations of Enzyme Activities Using Chitinous Materials [Seite 192]
6.7.5 - 7.5 Conclusion [Seite 196]
6.7.6 - References [Seite 199]
7 - Section II Chitosan in Textile and Food Industry [Seite 203]
7.1 - 8 Chitosan Applications for the Food Industry [Seite 205]
7.1.1 - 8.1 Introduction [Seite 205]
7.1.2 - 8.2 Biological Activities of Chitosan and Its Derivatives [Seite 207]
7.1.2.1 - 8.2.1 Antioxidant Properties [Seite 207]
7.1.2.2 - 8.2.2 Antioxidant Properties of Native Chitosan and Its Oligomers [Seite 210]
7.1.2.3 - 8.2.3 Antioxidant Properties of Modified Chitosan [Seite 210]
7.1.2.4 - 8.2.4 In Vivo Studies of the Antioxidant Properties of Chitosan [Seite 211]
7.1.2.5 - 8.2.5 Lipid-Lowering Effects [Seite 212]
7.1.2.6 - 8.2.6 Other Biological Activities [Seite 213]
7.1.3 - 8.3 Chitosan and Its Derivatives for Food Applications [Seite 213]
7.1.3.1 - 8.3.1 Antimicrobial Applications [Seite 213]
7.1.3.1.1 - 8.3.1.1 Antimicrobial Activity of Modified Chitosan [Seite 216]
7.1.3.2 - 8.3.2 Chitosan-Based Emulsions for Food Quality Preservation [Seite 220]
7.1.3.3 - 8.3.3 Edible Film/Coating and Food Packaging Applications [Seite 221]
7.1.3.4 - 8.3.4 Encapsulation and Nutrient Delivery Applications [Seite 223]
7.1.3.4.1 - 8.3.4.1 Chitosan-Based Delivery Systems for Food Applications [Seite 223]
7.1.3.4.2 - 8.3.4.2 Nano/Micro-Particles [Seite 224]
7.1.3.4.3 - 8.3.4.3 Hydrogel Beads [Seite 228]
7.1.3.4.4 - 8.3.4.4 The Encapsulation and Delivery of Nutrients [Seite 229]
7.1.3.4.5 - 8.3.4.5 The Encapsulation and Delivery of Probiotics [Seite 230]
7.1.3.5 - 8.3.5 The Immobilization of Enzymes by Chitin and Chitosan [Seite 231]
7.1.3.6 - 8.3.6 Other Applications of Chitosan in the Food Sciences [Seite 232]
7.1.4 - 8.4 Nutritional Aspects of Chitin and Chitosan [Seite 233]
7.1.5 - 8.5 Preparation of Chitin and Chitosan Oligomers and Their Applications in the Food Industry as Health Supplements [Seite 235]
7.1.6 - 8.6 Future Trends: Chitosan-Based Nanotechnology for Food Applications [Seite 237]
7.1.7 - 8.7 Conclusion [Seite 237]
7.1.8 - Acknowledgements [Seite 238]
7.1.9 - References [Seite 238]
7.2 - 9 Chitosan: Sustainable and Environmental-Friendly Resource for Textile Industry [Seite 253]
7.2.1 - 9.1 Introduction [Seite 253]
7.2.2 - 9.2 Chitosan and Chitosan Resources [Seite 254]
7.2.3 - 9.3 Chitosan Treatment of Textiles [Seite 256]
7.2.3.1 - 9.3.1 Wool [Seite 257]
7.2.3.2 - 9.3.2 Silk [Seite 258]
7.2.3.3 - 9.3.3 Cotton [Seite 258]
7.2.3.4 - 9.3.4 Others (Synthetic or Semisynthetic Fibers) [Seite 259]
7.2.4 - 9.4 Textile Functionalities Achieved [Seite 260]
7.2.4.1 - 9.4.1 Antimicrobial Finishing and Enhanced Dyeing Effects [Seite 261]
7.2.4.2 - 9.4.2 Wrinkle Proof Resistance [Seite 263]
7.2.4.3 - 9.4.3 Biomedical Applications [Seite 264]
7.2.5 - 9.5 Effluent Treatment Applications [Seite 265]
7.2.6 - 9.6 Future Perspectives and Conclusion [Seite 266]
7.2.7 - References [Seite 267]
8 - Section III Chitosan in Biomedical Applications [Seite 273]
8.1 - 10 Perspectives of Chitin- and Chitosan-Based Scaffolds Dressing in Regenerative Medicine [Seite 275]
8.1.1 - 10.1 Introduction [Seite 276]
8.1.2 - 10.2 Scaffold Characteristics [Seite 278]
8.1.2.1 - 10.2.1 Biodegradability [Seite 278]
8.1.2.2 - 10.2.2 Biocompatibility [Seite 279]
8.1.2.3 - 10.2.3 Manufacturing Technology [Seite 279]
8.1.2.4 - 10.2.4 Mechanical Properties [Seite 279]
8.1.2.5 - 10.2.5 Scaffold Properties [Seite 280]
8.1.3 - 10.3 Fabrication Techniques [Seite 280]
8.1.4 - 10.4 Applications of Chitin and Chitosan as Regenerative Medicine [Seite 281]
8.1.5 - 10.5 Conclusion [Seite 284]
8.1.6 - References [Seite 285]
8.2 - 11 Chitin - and Chitosan-Based Scaffolds [Seite 291]
8.2.1 - 11.1 Introduction [Seite 292]
8.2.2 - 11.2 Scaffold Components [Seite 294]
8.2.3 - 11.3 Scaffold Requirements [Seite 295]
8.2.3.1 - 11.3.1 Pore Size and Porosity [Seite 296]
8.2.3.2 - 11.3.2 Water Retention [Seite 296]
8.2.3.3 - 11.3.3 Biocompatibility [Seite 296]
8.2.3.4 - 11.3.4 Biodegradability [Seite 297]
8.2.3.5 - 11.3.5 Mechanical Strength [Seite 297]
8.2.4 - 11.4 Chitin - and Chitosan-Based Scaffolds Fabrication Techniques [Seite 297]
8.2.4.1 - 11.4.1 Non-Designed Manufacturing Techniques [Seite 298]
8.2.4.1.1 - 11.4.1.1 Phase Separation [Seite 298]
8.2.4.1.2 - 11.4.1.2 Electrospinning [Seite 298]
8.2.4.1.3 - 11.4.1.3 Solvent Casting and Particulate Leaching [Seite 299]
8.2.4.1.4 - 11.4.1.4 Freeze Drying or Emulsion Freezing [Seite 300]
8.2.4.1.5 - 11.4.1.5 Gas Foaming or High Pressure Processing [Seite 300]
8.2.4.1.6 - 11.4.1.6 Melt Molding [Seite 301]
8.2.4.2 - 11.4.2 Designed Fabrication Technique [Seite 301]
8.2.4.2.1 - 11.4.2.1 Rapid Prototyping (RP) [Seite 301]
8.2.5 - 11.5 Applications of Chitin and Chitosan for Regeneration of Various Tissues [Seite 302]
8.2.5.1 - 11.5.1 Bone Tissue [Seite 302]
8.2.5.2 - 11.5.2 Cartilage Tissue [Seite 305]
8.2.5.3 - 11.5.3 Dermal Tissue [Seite 306]
8.2.5.4 - 11.5.4 Hepatic Tissue [Seite 309]
8.2.5.5 - 11.5.5 Cardiac Tissue [Seite 310]
8.2.5.6 - 11.5.6 Nerve Tissue [Seite 311]
8.2.5.7 - 11.5.7 Vascular Tissue [Seite 313]
8.2.5.8 - 11.5.8 Corneal Tissue [Seite 313]
8.2.5.9 - 11.5.9 Other Tissues [Seite 314]
8.2.6 - 11.6 Chitin - and CS-Based Scaffolds for Drug and Growth Factors Delivery [Seite 315]
8.2.7 - 11.7 Chitin - and CS-Based Scaffolds/Dressings in Market [Seite 315]
8.2.8 - 11.8 Conclusions [Seite 315]
8.2.9 - 11.9 Future perspectives [Seite 319]
8.2.10 - Abbreviations [Seite 319]
8.2.11 - References [Seite 320]
8.3 - 12 Nanopolymer Chitosan in Cancer and Alzheimer Biomedical Application [Seite 331]
8.3.1 - 12.1 Introduction [Seite 331]
8.3.1.1 - 12.1.1 Chemistry of Chitosan [Seite 332]
8.3.1.2 - 12.1.2 Brief Overview on Cancer [Seite 334]
8.3.1.3 - 12.1.3 Brief Overview on Alzheimer's Disease [Seite 336]
8.3.2 - 12.2 Chitosan Applications in Cancer [Seite 337]
8.3.2.1 - 12.2.1 Drug Delivery System [Seite 337]
8.3.2.2 - 12.2.2 Treatment and Therapy [Seite 344]
8.3.2.3 - 12.2.3 Diagnostic Strategy [Seite 348]
8.3.3 - 12.3 Chitosan Applications in Alzheimer's [Seite 355]
8.3.3.1 - 12.3.1 Pharmaceutical Formulation and Drug Delivery Application (Nanocarrier) [Seite 355]
8.3.3.1.1 - 12.3.1.1 Amyloid-?-Targeted Nanocarier [Seite 355]
8.3.3.1.2 - 12.3.1.2 Cholinesterase-Targeted Nanocarrier [Seite 359]
8.3.3.1.3 - 12.3.1.3 Other Functional Drug Carrier [Seite 363]
8.3.3.2 - 12.3.2 Treatment and Therapy [Seite 364]
8.3.3.3 - 12.3.3 Sensing and Diagnosis [Seite 366]
8.3.4 - 12.4 Conclusion [Seite 367]
8.3.5 - References [Seite 368]
8.4 - 13 Biomedical Significance of Chitin- and Chitosan-Based Nanocomposites [Seite 381]
8.4.1 - 13.1 Introduction [Seite 382]
8.4.2 - 13.2 Biomedical Applications [Seite 383]
8.4.2.1 - 13.2.1 Wound Healing [Seite 384]
8.4.2.2 - 13.2.2 Drug Delivery [Seite 387]
8.4.2.3 - 13.2.3 Tissue Engineering [Seite 390]
8.4.2.4 - 13.2.4 Dental Application [Seite 395]
8.4.2.5 - 13.2.5 Antimicrobial Applications [Seite 396]
8.4.3 - 13.3 Conclusion [Seite 397]
8.4.4 - References [Seite 398]
8.5 - 14 Potential Biomedical Applications of Chitosan-and Chitosan-Based Nanomaterials [Seite 405]
8.5.1 - 14.1 Introduction [Seite 406]
8.5.2 - 14.2 Production of Chitin and Chitosan [Seite 407]
8.5.3 - 14.3 Bioactivities of Chitin and Chitosan [Seite 408]
8.5.3.1 - 14.3.1 Antitumor Activity [Seite 408]
8.5.3.2 - 14.3.2 Antibacterial Activity [Seite 410]
8.5.3.3 - 14.3.3 Antifungal [Seite 412]
8.5.3.4 - 14.3.4 Antioxidant [Seite 412]
8.5.3.5 - 14.3.5 Anti-HIV [Seite 413]
8.5.4 - 14.4 Biomedical Application of Chitin - and Chitosan-Based Nanomaterials [Seite 414]
8.5.4.1 - 14.4.1 Wound Healing and Burns [Seite 414]
8.5.4.2 - 14.4.2 Tissue Engineering [Seite 415]
8.5.4.3 - 14.4.3 Drug Delivery [Seite 416]
8.5.4.4 - 14.4.4 Biosensors [Seite 417]
8.5.5 - 14.5 Conclusions and Future Perspective [Seite 420]
8.5.6 - Acknowledgement [Seite 421]
8.5.7 - References [Seite 421]
9 - Section IV Chitosan in Agriculture and Water Treatment [Seite 429]
9.1 - 15 Practical and Plausible Implications of Chitin-and Chitosan-Based Nanocomposites in Agriculture [Seite 431]
9.1.1 - 15.1 Introduction [Seite 432]
9.1.2 - 15.2 Applications of Chitin and Chitosan Nanocomposite in Agriculture [Seite 433]
9.1.2.1 - 15.2.1 Controlled Pesticide, Insecticide, and Herbicide Delivery [Seite 433]
9.1.2.2 - 15.2.2 Efficient Fertilizer and Micronutrient Delivery [Seite 437]
9.1.2.3 - 15.2.3 Nanosensors [Seite 439]
9.1.2.4 - 15.2.4 Genetic Engineering in Crop Plants [Seite 440]
9.1.2.5 - 15.2.5 Disease Control [Seite 441]
9.1.2.6 - 15.2.6 Immunomodulation [Seite 443]
9.1.3 - 15.3 Conclusion [Seite 443]
9.1.4 - References [Seite 443]
9.2 - 16 Scope of Electrospun Chitosan Nanofibrous Web for its Potential Application in Water Filtration [Seite 451]
9.2.1 - 16.1 Introduction [Seite 451]
9.2.2 - 16.2 Chitosan as an Efficient Material for Water Purification/Disinfection [Seite 453]
9.2.2.1 - 16.2.1 Structure of Chitosan [Seite 453]
9.2.2.2 - 16.2.2 Physical, Chemical, and Biological Properties of Chitosan [Seite 454]
9.2.2.3 - 16.2.3 Chitosan for Water Purification/Disinfection [Seite 455]
9.2.2.3.1 - 16.2.3.1 Chitosan as a Coagulant/Flocculant [Seite 455]
9.2.2.3.2 - 16.2.3.2 Removal of Heavy Metals [Seite 456]
9.2.2.3.3 - 16.2.3.3 Removal of Organic Compounds [Seite 457]
9.2.2.3.4 - 16.2.3.4 Removal of Bacteria [Seite 457]
9.2.3 - 16.3 Electrospinning Process [Seite 458]
9.2.3.1 - 16.3.1 Electrospinning of Chitosan to obtain Nanofibres [Seite 459]
9.2.4 - 16.4 Electrospun Chitosan Nanofibers Embedded with Silver Nanoparticles for Filtration of Water Contaminated with Bacteria [Seite 462]
9.2.5 - 16.5 Chitosan-Based Nanocomposites for Water Filtration [Seite 466]
9.2.6 - 16.6 Current Challenges and Future Perspectives [Seite 468]
9.2.7 - References [Seite 469]
9.3 - 17 Application of Chitin/Chitosan and Its Derivatives as Adsorbents, Coagulants, and Flocculants [Seite 473]
9.3.1 - 17.1 Introduction [Seite 474]
9.3.2 - 17.2 Chitin and Chitosan [Seite 475]
9.3.3 - 17.3 Properties of Chitin and Chitosan [Seite 475]
9.3.3.1 - 17.3.1 Color and Appearance [Seite 475]
9.3.3.2 - 17.3.2 Solubility [Seite 476]
9.3.3.3 - 17.3.3 Molecular Weight and Degree of Polymerization [Seite 476]
9.3.4 - 17.4 Modification of Chitin and Chitosan [Seite 476]
9.3.4.1 - 17.4.1 Physical Modification [Seite 477]
9.3.4.2 - 17.4.2 Chemical Modification [Seite 478]
9.3.4.3 - 17.4.3 Multiple Modifications [Seite 479]
9.3.4.3.1 - 17.4.3.1 Blends of Chitosan [Seite 479]
9.3.4.3.2 - 17.4.3.2 Composites of Chitosan [Seite 480]
9.3.4.3.3 - 17.4.3.3 Grafted Chitosan [Seite 480]
9.3.5 - 17.5 Application of Natural Polymers in Wastewater Treatment as Promising Adsorbents [Seite 481]
9.3.5.1 - 17.5.1 For Heavy Metal Removal [Seite 481]
9.3.5.2 - 17.5.2 For Dye Removal [Seite 483]
9.3.5.3 - 17.5.3 For General Wastewater Treatment [Seite 484]
9.3.6 - 17.6 Chitin and Chitosan as a New Type of Polymer Coagulant/Flocculants [Seite 485]
9.3.6.1 - 17.6.1 For Heavy Metal Removal [Seite 490]
9.3.6.2 - 17.6.2 For Dye Removal [Seite 490]
9.3.6.3 - 17.6.3 For General Wastewater Treatment [Seite 492]
9.3.7 - 17.7 Future Directions for Research [Seite 495]
9.3.8 - 17.8 Conclusion [Seite 495]
9.3.9 - Acknowledgments [Seite 496]
9.3.10 - References [Seite 496]
10 - Index [Seite 509]
11 - EULA [Seite 518]